Repro Health

Question 1

What are the 3 goals of repro health

Answer 1

Fertilization
Implantation & Maintenance of Pregnancy
successful parturition

Question 2

BSE

Answer 2

Breeding Soundness exam

Question 3

why & how do we do BSE

Answer 3

eyes, feet, libido
testicles, penis, prostate, seminal vesicles, ampulla
motility & morphology

Question 4

BSE bull requirements

Answer 4

Motility >30%
Morphology >70%
Scrotal Circumference 32 cm

Question 5

BSE Buck (deer) requirements

Answer 5

Motility >70%
Morphology >80%
Scrotal Circumference -

Question 6

BSE ram requirements

Answer 6

Motility >30%
Morphology >50%
Scrotal Circumference 28 cm

Question 7

BSE stallion requirements

Answer 7

we use poor performing horses and hope for the best because they are good at other things

Question 8

heat detection

Answer 8

important to accurately predict the estrus cycle so that we can have a successful fertilization and hopefully successful gestation

Question 9

AI

Answer 9

Artificial Insemination

Question 10

Cryptorchidism

Answer 10

one or both testicles not descending into the scrotum
heritable and congenital
castration recommended
increased incidence of neoplasia

Question 11

Persistent Penile Frenulum

Answer 11

prevents propers penis extension from the prepuce

Question 12

Freemartins

Answer 12

infertile twins (shared placental blood which leads to shared testosterone)
absent cervix, uterus, uterine tubules, and cranial vagina in female
heritable

Question 13

Intersex goats

Answer 13

male pseudo hermaphrodites
associated with the polled gene
heritable

Question 14

Neoplasia

Answer 14

Granulosa theca cell tumors
benign = won’t spread
malignant = spreads or metastasizes
secretes inhibin and testosterone
one extra large ovary and one tiny ovary
most common ovarian tumor in mare

Question 15

Early embryonic Death

Answer 15

2% rate in beef cattle
7-10% in dairy cattle
5-15% in horses during days 14-40 of gestation
SARA = subcute ruminal acidosis
intrinsic factors = the mare - endometrial disease, progesterone insufficiency, maternal age, lactation demands
Extrinsic factors = the environment - stress, nutrition, season, climate
Embryonic factors = the embryo - chromosomal abnormalities

Question 16

Ponderosa Pine

Answer 16

abortion
cattle, bison, sheep
toxic principle = isocupressic acid
clinical signs = abortion, RFM
mechanism = decreased blood flow to the uterus during 3rd trimester
foraging during winter storms or other stressors
most long-needled pine trees
no treatment
management is key - provide adequate food & shelter, change calving window

Question 17

Snakeweed

Answer 17

Abortion

Question 18

Locoweeds

Answer 18

Abortion
Malformed Fetus
cattle, horses, sheep
toxic principle = swainsonine alkaloid
mechanism = swainsonine inhibits normal cellular metabolism and function especially brain cells
clinical signs = repro = decreased fertility, decreased libido, congenital defects (deformed legs, hydrops)
nervous = abnormal behavior, aggression. ataxia (lack of control of body movements), hyperalgesia (dramatic response to normal stimuli), some obtunded (reduced level of alertness)
also affects cardiovascular and hepatic systems

Question 19

Skunk Cabbage aka false-hellebore

Answer 19

malformed fetus
sheep, (cattle?)
toxic principle = several toxic alkaloids - cyclopamine and veratramine
small doses = teratogenic
large doses = toxic, sometimes fatal
Mechanism = hypotension, cyclopamine is a teratogen (induces congenital defects)
in altitudes of 8000-11000 ft
moist mtn meadows/valleys next to ponds
ingestion at 13-14 d gestation = cyclops lambs
ingestion at 27-33 d gestation = tracheal agenesis (treachea doesn’t develop)
ingestion at 28-30 d gestation = shortened legs
hypotension, shock, decreased heat rate, ataxia (lack of body control), labored breathing

Question 20

jimson weed

Answer 20

malformed fetus

Question 21

Lupine

Answer 21

malformed fetus

Question 22

two-grooved milk vetch

Answer 22

malformed fetus
cattle, horses, sheep
toxic principle = selenium accumulator and swainsonine alkaloid
Mechanism = excess selenium in diet results in abnormal hair and hoof formations, swainsonine inhibits normal cellular metabolism and function, especially brain cells, miserotoxin
clinical signs = repro = abortion, abnormal legs, decreased preg rate
nervous = abnormal behavior, aggression, ataxia (loss of control of body movements), hyperalgesia (abnormal/dramatic reaction to normal circumstance)
other = short manes and tails, cracking hoof wall, lameness
unpalatable