Repro Health Flashcards
What are the 3 goals of repro health
Fertilization
Implantation & Maintenance of Pregnancy
successful parturition
BSE
Breeding Soundness exam
why & how do we do BSE
eyes, feet, libido
testicles, penis, prostate, seminal vesicles, ampulla
motility & morphology
BSE bull requirements
Motility >30%
Morphology >70%
Scrotal Circumference 32 cm
BSE Buck (deer) requirements
Motility >70%
Morphology >80%
Scrotal Circumference -
BSE ram requirements
Motility >30%
Morphology >50%
Scrotal Circumference 28 cm
BSE stallion requirements
we use poor performing horses and hope for the best because they are good at other things
heat detection
important to accurately predict the estrus cycle so that we can have a successful fertilization and hopefully successful gestation
AI
Artificial Insemination
Cryptorchidism
one or both testicles not descending into the scrotum
heritable and congenital
castration recommended
increased incidence of neoplasia
Persistent Penile Frenulum
prevents propers penis extension from the prepuce
Freemartins
infertile twins (shared placental blood which leads to shared testosterone)
absent cervix, uterus, uterine tubules, and cranial vagina in female
heritable
Intersex goats
male pseudo hermaphrodites
associated with the polled gene
heritable
Neoplasia
Granulosa theca cell tumors
benign = won’t spread
malignant = spreads or metastasizes
secretes inhibin and testosterone
one extra large ovary and one tiny ovary
most common ovarian tumor in mare
Early embryonic Death
2% rate in beef cattle
7-10% in dairy cattle
5-15% in horses during days 14-40 of gestation
SARA = subcute ruminal acidosis
intrinsic factors = the mare - endometrial disease, progesterone insufficiency, maternal age, lactation demands
Extrinsic factors = the environment - stress, nutrition, season, climate
Embryonic factors = the embryo - chromosomal abnormalities
Ponderosa Pine
abortion
cattle, bison, sheep
toxic principle = isocupressic acid
clinical signs = abortion, RFM
mechanism = decreased blood flow to the uterus during 3rd trimester
foraging during winter storms or other stressors
most long-needled pine trees
no treatment
management is key - provide adequate food & shelter, change calving window
Snakeweed
Abortion
Locoweeds
Abortion
Malformed Fetus
cattle, horses, sheep
toxic principle = swainsonine alkaloid
mechanism = swainsonine inhibits normal cellular metabolism and function especially brain cells
clinical signs = repro = decreased fertility, decreased libido, congenital defects (deformed legs, hydrops)
nervous = abnormal behavior, aggression. ataxia (lack of control of body movements), hyperalgesia (dramatic response to normal stimuli), some obtunded (reduced level of alertness)
also affects cardiovascular and hepatic systems
Skunk Cabbage aka false-hellebore
malformed fetus
sheep, (cattle?)
toxic principle = several toxic alkaloids - cyclopamine and veratramine
small doses = teratogenic
large doses = toxic, sometimes fatal
Mechanism = hypotension, cyclopamine is a teratogen (induces congenital defects)
in altitudes of 8000-11000 ft
moist mtn meadows/valleys next to ponds
ingestion at 13-14 d gestation = cyclops lambs
ingestion at 27-33 d gestation = tracheal agenesis (treachea doesn’t develop)
ingestion at 28-30 d gestation = shortened legs
hypotension, shock, decreased heat rate, ataxia (lack of body control), labored breathing
jimson weed
malformed fetus
Lupine
malformed fetus
two-grooved milk vetch
malformed fetus
cattle, horses, sheep
toxic principle = selenium accumulator and swainsonine alkaloid
Mechanism = excess selenium in diet results in abnormal hair and hoof formations, swainsonine inhibits normal cellular metabolism and function, especially brain cells, miserotoxin
clinical signs = repro = abortion, abnormal legs, decreased preg rate
nervous = abnormal behavior, aggression, ataxia (loss of control of body movements), hyperalgesia (abnormal/dramatic reaction to normal circumstance)
other = short manes and tails, cracking hoof wall, lameness
unpalatable
