Repro Flashcards
Characteristics of chancroid
H ducreyi
Multiple deep, PAINFUL ulcers (“do cry”); base may have gray-yellow exudate
Organisms often clump into parallel strands (“school of fish”)
Characteristics of genital herpes
HSV 1/2
Multiple, small grouped PAINFUL ulcers; shallow w/ erythematous base
Multinucleated giant cells & intracellular inclusions (Cowdry)
Characteristics of granuloma inguinale
Klebsiella granulomatis
Exstensive & progressive ulcerative lesions w/o LAD, NOT PAINFUL. Base may have granulation-like tissue; gram(-) intracytoplasmic cysts (Donovan bodies)
Characteristics of syphilis initial infection
T. pallidum
Single, indurated, well circumscribed ulcer; NOT PAINFUL. clean base. Corkscrew-shaped organisms on dark-field microscopy
Characteristics of lymphogranuloma venereum
C trachomatis L1-3
Small, shallow ulcers; large PAINFUL coalesced inguinal LNs (buboes); intracytoplasmic chlamydial inclusion modies in epith cells & leukocytes
Placenta accreta vs. Placental abruption vs. Placenta previa
Accreta: defective decidual layer causing abnormal attachment and separation of placenta post-partum. Risk factors: prior C-section or surgery involving myometrium, inflam, previa, age, multiparity. Can cause postpartum bleeding, Sheehan
Abruptio: Premature separation of placenta from uterine wall before delivery of infant. Risk factors: trauma (MVA), smoking, HTN, preeclapsia, cocaine. Abrupt, painful bleeding in 3rd tri, possible DIC, shock, fetal distress. Life threatening
Previa: Attachment of placenta to lower uterine segment over the cervical os. Risk factors: multiparity, prior C-section. Painless 3rd tri bleeding
Early fetal development milestones
- implantation
- bilaminar disc (epiblast, hypoblast)
- gastrulation
- organogenesis
- neural tube formation/closure
- heartbeat & limb buds
- fetal cardiac activity visible by transvaginal US
- fetal movements
- genitalia have M/F characteristics
- implantation: blastocyst “sticks” at day 6
- bilaminar disc: 2 weeks (2 layers)
- gastrulation forms trilaminar disc; cells from epiblast invaginate –> primitive streak –> endo/meso/ectoderm. Notochord arises from midline mesoderm; overlying ectoderm becomes neural plate. (3 layers at 3 wks)
- organogenesis: 3-8 wks (teratogens)
- neural tube: formed by neuroectoderm, closes by wk 4
- heartbeat/limbs: 4 weeks (4 limbs, 4 heart chambers)
- cardiac activity by TVUS wk 6
- fetal mvmts: gait at wk 8
- genitalia: “tenitalia” (wk 10)
Male/female genital homologs:
- Genital tubercle
- Urogenital sinus
- Urogenital folds
- Labioscrotal swelling
- Genital tubercle = clitoris/vestibular bulbs (F), glans penis/corpus cav, spongiosum (M)
- Urogenital sinus: bartholin/skene glands (F), bulbourethral/prostate glands (M)
- Urogenital folds: labia minora (F), penile ventral shaft (penile urethra) (M)
- Labioscrotal swelling: labia majora (F), scrotum (M)
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
Excessive weight loss, strenuous exercise, chronic stress, eating disorders or chronic illness can cause decreased adipose/fat reserves and leptin production. This reduces GnRH secretion from hypothalamus (disruption in pulsatile release - bc body realizes it wouldn’t be able to nourish a fetus), which leads to reduced LH/FSH release, and subsequently reduced estrogen –> amenorrhea, bone loss.
This is a form of hypogonadotropic (2ndary) hypogonadism
Adrenarche
Occurs in humans around 10-12 yrs of age; responsible for pubic hair, body odor, skin oiliness and acne
Urethral injury in men: anterior vs. posterior injury
- Anterior urethral injury: affects bulbar (spongy/penile) urethra, usually d/t perineal straddle injury or instrumentation/penetration trauma (catheter-related)
- Posterior urethral injury: affects membranous urethra, usually d/t pelvic fracture
Barr body
Inactive X chrom seen as a compact body at periphery of nucleus. Contains heterochromatin (heavily methylated DNA and deacetylated histones - cause it to be inactive/low transcriptional activity). X-inactivation (lyonization) is maintained across cell division and usually prevents X-linked recessive conditions from manifesting in female carriers (except for instances of skewed lyonization). Barr body seen with Klinefelter (XXY), no Barr body with Turner (XO)
Neural crest cell derivatives
MMOtEL PASS: Melanocytes, Myenteric plexus (Hirshsprung) Odontoblasts Endocardial cushions (ASD) Laryngeal cartilage
PNS (dorsal root ganglia, CN’s, autonomic ganglia)
Adrenal medulla and all ganglia
Spiral membrane (aorticopulm septum - Conotrucal abnormalities)
Schwann cells, pia and arachnoid, bones of Skull
Mesodermal defects
VACTERL: Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac defects TE fistula Renal defects Limb defects (bone and muscle)
