Repro 2 Flashcards
Male Reproductive Anatomy:
Penis:
Accessory Glands:
Testes:
- *
Male Reproductive Anatomy:
Penis:
- glandular and muscular tissue
- Penile urethra
Accessory Glands:
- seminal vesicles
- Prostrate glands
- Bulbourethral gland
Testes:
- semineferous tubules
- Scrotum
Testicular Descent:
Describe the process of Testicular Descent:
- Embryonic position —>
- _____ phase —->
- _______phase —–>
- elongation of ____
Testicular Descent:
Embryonic position—> transabdominal phase where the gonad becomes anchored to the abdominal wall(8-15 weeks) —–> inguinoscrotal phase where the testes breach the abdominal wall and go into the scrotal sack(25-35 wk) —–> elongation of cord (0-10 years)
Model of counter - current transfer of heat in testes:
Testes must be two degrees ____ than rest of body for sperm to live: artery blood needs to ___ and veinous blood needs to _____
Therefore: the gonadal/testicular artery criss crosses with a veinous structure called the ________
Model of counter - current transfer of heat in testes:
Testes is two degrees cooler than rest of body for sperm to live: artery blood needs to cool and veinous blood needs to reheat
Therefore: the testicular artery criss crosses with a veinous struture called the pampiniform plexus
Define the term “Cryptochidism”:
- most common ______ abnormality of urogenital tract
- Often result of what?
Why is it important that the testes descend into scrotum?
Testes descent maintains _____ temp (1-2 degrees)
Cryptochidism: hidden testis
- most common congenital abnormality (means at birth) of urogenital tract
- often result of undescended testes that remain in abdominal cavity
- Testes descent maintains lower temperature (1-2 degrees below core body temp)
Functional Anatomy of Testes”
80% ______ tissue and 20% _____ tissue with __ cells
Describe the tubule within the testes
MILLIONS of sperm per day
Functional Anatomy of Testes:
80% is germinal tissue (meaning sperm), and 20% supportive connective tissue with Leydig cells
Anatomy: seminiferous tubules are coiled very tightly, ascend into common “rete testis” which then enter the ductus epididymis head—-> ductus epididymis body—-> ductus epididymis tail, and then finally sperm gets propelled up through the ductus deferens
Sperm gain motility as they travel through the epididimys
Anatomy of Testes:
Peritbular space consists of ____ cells ____ cells, and blood supply
Intratubular: ____ cells, developing ___ cells, lumen
Anatomy of Testes:
Peritubular space consists of Leydig cells, myoid cells, and blood supply
Intratubular: sertolic cells, developing germ cells, lumen
Spermatic Cord consists of:
1.
2.
3
Spermatic cord consists of
ductus deferns
gonadal artery
gonadal vein
Leydig Sertoli Cell Interactions:
Leydig cells are paratubular (outside tubules)
Sertoli cells are where ______ occurs
Sertoli cells form ______ to create a blood testis barrier
Basal compartmentbasal membrane of the sertoli cells is where the ______ are
Leydig-Sertoli Cell Interactions:
Leydig cells are paratubular (outside)
Sertoli cells are where spermatogenesis occurs
Sertoli cells form tight junctions to create a blood-testis barrier
Basal comparement/basal membrane of sertoli cells is where the stem cell niche (projenitor spermatogonia are)
Leydig-Sertoli Cell Interactions:
___ stimulates Leydig cells to make _____
That testosterone enters sertoli cells
____ stimulates sertoli cells
- increases ____
- increases ____ protein
- also increases ____ (enzyme) to turn that testosterone into _____
Leydig Sertoli Cell Interations:
LH stimulates Leydig cell to make testosterone (and that testosterone will enter the sertoli cell)
FSH stimulates sertoli cells:
- increases inhibin release (negative feedback)
- increases ABP to bind to testosterone in testes
- also increases aromatase enzyme to turn testosterone into estradiol
Activin and Inhibin have the _____ effects within the testes than they do in the pituitary
Inhibin will _____ LH induced testosterone production in leydig cells
Activin ____ testosterone production in leydig cells
Activin and inhibin have the OPPOSITE effects within the testes than they do in the pituitary
Inhibin will increase LH induced testosterone production in leydig cells
Activin inhibits testosterone production in leydig cells
Define the following terms:
Spermatogenesis
Spermiogenesis
Spermiation
All of these processess occure within the _____
Spermatogenesis: spermatogonia becoming 4 haploid spermatids
Spermiogenesis: maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa
Spermiation: release of spermatoza from sertoli cells into lumen
All of these processes occur in the seminiferous tubules
Label the things on this diagram
note: primary spermatocyte is DIPLOID
and spermatid is haploid
Spermatoza Maturation:
Maturaion of spermatozoa continues after release into lumen
Spermatozoa are initially _______ there is ___ movement from seminiferous tubule into the rete testis
Spermatoza mature along the single tubule of the ___
Spermatoza Maturation:
Maturation of spermatoza continues after release into lumen
Spermatoza are initially immobile: there is passive movement from seminiferous tubule into rete testis
Spermatoza mature along the single tubule of the epididymis
Sperm Maturation:
Progressive increase in ____ as sperm matures through the epidydimis
Formation of _____ (aka cap ontop of sperm containing hydrolytic enzymes and receptors necessary to bind ovum)
Deceased cytoplasm and lots of _____
Maturation is not fully complete until when?
Sperm Maturation:
Progressive increase in motility as sperm moves through epididymis
Formation of acrosome (which contains hydrolytic enzymes and receptors necessary to penetrate ovum)
Deceased cytoplasm and lots of mitochondria
Maturation is not fully complete until sperm enter vagina (capacitation)
Acessory Glands:
Semen is 10% _____
70% fluid from _____
other 10-20% is fluid from ____
Semen is 10% sperm
70% of the fluid is from seminal vesicles
other stuff is from epididymis, prostate, and bulbourethral gland
Seminal Vesicles:
paired structure
The fluid they secrete takes up ___% of semen
Their fluid contains:
- _____ (nutrients for sperm)
- the pH is ____
- contains _____ in order for smooth muscle contraction of the uterus and vagina
Seminal Vesicles:
paired structure
fluid they secrete makes up 70% of semen
Seminal Vesicle Fluid:
- fructose
- pH is alkaline
- contains prostaglandins
Accessory Glands:
Prostate Gland:
surrounds the urethra
______ fluid to be expelled in ejaculate
Secretes ____ factors that prevent ___ of sperm
fluid is also alkaline
PROSTATE GLAND:
surrounds urethra
FIRST fluid to be expelled in the ejaculate
Secretes proteolytic factors to prevent clumping of sperm
Benign Prostatic Hyperplegia (BPH):
prevalance is increased with age, all old men have an enlarged prostate, it increases their urgency to pee
How can you figure out if it’s BPH or a malignant prostate tumor? What would you measure
BPH: benign prostatic hyperplegia
prevalence is increased with age, prostate grows, pinches urethra
Measure PSA levels (prostate specific androgen)
BPH will increase tissue PSA by 10x
but a malignant tumor would cause WAY more than a 10x increase in serum PSA
Bulbourethral Gland (cowper’s gland):
Immediately below the _____
Secrete mucus into urethra upon arounsal…. so bulbourethral ejects _____ fluid
Bulbourethral Gland (cowper’s gland)
Immediately below the prostate
Secretes musuc into urethra upon arousal: it secretes PRECUM
Penis: Functional Anatomy:
Flaccid state: under tonic ____ control
The ______ arteries contract, to restrict blood flow in the flaccid state
Penis: Functional Anatomy:
The helicine arteries contract - restricting blood flow in flaccid state. Controlled by tonic sympathetic activity
Penis: Functional Anatomy:
ERECTION:
relaxation of _________ causes an increase in blood flow to the _____
Engoregement compresses the outflow pathway
Erection:
relaxation of vascular smooth muscle increases blood flow in cavernous tissue
Engoregement compresses outflow pathway and creates swelling
Erection is primarily under _______ control
_______ nerves release ___ and ___ (NT’s)
____ binds to muscarinic receptors on endothelial cells to increase NO release (vasodilator)
____ may also be released directy from nerve terminals
NO stimulates _____ and causes vasodilation
Erection is primarily under parasympathetic control
Parasympathetic nerves release ACh and NO
ACh binds to muscarinic receptors on endothelial cells to increase NO release
NO may also be released directly from nerve terminals
NO stimulates cGMP release and causes vasodilation
Viagra:
Viagra inhibits ______ (enzyme), which normally does what?
Therefore, viagra keeps ____ from being broken down, and sustains the erection for longer
Viagra only maintains an erection, it cannot ____ one
VIAGRA:
Viagra inhibits Type 5 Phosphodiesterase (which normally breaks down cGMP)
Therefore, viagra keeps cGMP from being broken down, and sustains the erection for longer
Viagra only maintains an erection, cant initiate one
Sympathetic Control of Emission:
Emission: movement of ejaculate into _____ urethra
Peristaltic rhythmic contractions get it there
There is a direct innervation of the smooth muscle cells via ______ receptors
Sympathetic Control of Emission:
Emission: movement of ejaculate into prostatic urethra
Peristaltic rhythmic contractions get it there
There is direct innervation of the smooth muscle cells via alpha adrenergic receptors
Spinal Reflex: Ejaculation:
Emission “sets the stage” for ejaculation
Reflex is triggered by entry of semen to ___ from ___
Spinal cord reflex
Afferents reach spinal cord (_____) triggering efferent somatic motor control via ____ nerve
LACK OF VOLUNTARY CONTROL: automatic nervous system then spinal reflex
Spinal Reflex: Ejaculation:
Emission “sets the stage” for ejaculation
Reflex is triggered by entry of semen to bulbous urethra from prostatic urethra
Spinal cord reflex
Afferents reach S2-S4 in spinal cord triggering efferent somatic motor control via pudendal nerve
Male Fertility Disorder
Explain the following and give examples for each:
- Pre-testicular
- Testicular
- Post-testicular
- Pretesticular: problems with HPG axis:
- Primary: (issue with testes): high FSH/LH due to lack of negative feedback and low T/DHT
- example: enzyme defeciency in testes
- Tertiary and secondary: issues with higher up…. low GnRH, low FSH/LH, low DHT/T
- Example: Kallman’s syndrome, hyperprolactenemia (inhibiting GnRH)
- Testicular: Klinefelter, cyrptochidism, or variocele (dilated scrotal veins)
- Post-testicular: ductal problems, premature ejaculation and impotence
Female Reproductive Anatomy:
Gonad is a ____
Primary reproductive unit is a ______
Explain the layout of the following:
ovary, infundibullum, ampulla, isthmus, utereus, cervix, vagina
What kind of feedback does estrogen exert on the HPG axis?
Estrogen exerts both positive and negative feedback on the HPG axis
Positive feedback important for ovulation
Female Pubertal Activation of HPG Axis:
During childhood, GnRH pulse is _____
During puberty, GnRH is activated by ______
Puberty in females: increase in GnRH release during ___ promotes secondary sex characteristics
What happens during menopause?
Explain the menstral rhythm vs the menstral cycle
Menstral Rhythm: HPG axis feedback mechanisms generate a cyclical monthly pattern of hormone release
Menstral cycle: physiological changes in the ovaries and the uterus
Female HPG Axis:
Explain what FSH and LH do within females
FSH: stimulates follicular development and conversion of androgens to estradiol
LH stimulates biosynthesis of estrogen, induces ovulation and lutinization
Female HPG Axis:
Ovary:
Thecal Cells: produce ____ and _____, have what kind of receptors?
Granulosa cells: produce what? have what kind of receptors?
Female HPG Axis:
Ovary:
Thecal cells: produce androgens and progestins, have LH receptors
Granulosa cells: produce estrogens, inhibins, activins, have BOTH LH and FSH receptors
