Repro Flashcards
What portion of the primitive gonad becomes the ovary?
The outer cortical layer
What promotes development of the male repro tract?
SRY gene–> SOX9 expression–> Hormones produced by Sertoli cells and Interstitial cells
What promotes development of the female repro tract?
Activation of WNT4, DAX1, and SF1 genes; SOX9 inhibition (as opposed to products from the gonad)
What embryonic structure forms the female tubular organs?
Paramesonephric ducts
What embryonic structure contributes to the male and female sex cords and rete?
Mesonephric tubules
What is a key diagnostic feature of chimerism (freemartinism)? What gross lesion is always present?
Poorly formed vesicular glands attached to the uterus; Lack of communication with the vagina
How does chimerism occur?
Male fetus sterilizes the female by testis-determining factors, inhibiting ovarian development
Cystic rete arise from ____________
Mesonephric tubule segments
Common repro cyst in mares; what embryonic structure does it arise from?
Fimbrial cyst; paramesonephric duct
Most common cause of mastitis in heifers
Coagulase negative Staphylococci
Most common cause of mastitis in older cows
Coagulase positive Staph aureus
What causes Epizootic Bovine Abortion (foothills abortion) and how is it transmitted?
Novel deltaproteobacterium; tick-borne (Ornithidoros); use silver stain, gram -
Who is affected by foothills abortion?
Pregnant heifers exposed to ticks for the first time; abortion or weak calves
Gross findings with foothills abortion; key histo
Ascites, lymph organ enlargement, thymic atrophy; granulomatous thymic inflammation
Who commonly gets pyometra? Who does not?
Dog and cow; Mare and queen
When does pyometra occur in cattle, vs. dogs?
Postpartum, vs. post estrus in dogs
Key histo with pyometra
Marked endometrial hyperplasia and progestational proliferation ALWAYS
What is progestational change?
Epithelial cells enlarged, columnar, vacuolated, with small, pyknotic nuclei
Brucella species that affect goats; cattle; swine; dogs
B. melitensis; B. abortus; B. suis
Features of Brucella organism
Gram -, intracellular
Brucella pathogenesis; where in trophoblast does Brucella replicate?
Ingestion–>regional lymph nodes (lymphadenitis)–>hematogenous spread to spleen, mammary, pregnant uterus, testis; RER
What weird place does brucella sometimes end up
Synovial structures
Characteristic gross lesions with brucella (in placenta)
Intercotyledonary exudate, edema fluid in fetal membranes
Key histo with brucellosis in female? in male? in fetus?
Intercotyledonary necrosis, especially adjacent to cotyledons, with intervillus area most affected, and trophoblasts stuffed with bacteria, vasculitis; necrotizing orchitis/epididymitis (tail); pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia, and hepatitis
Cause of contagious equine metritis; how is it transmitted; key histo
Taylorella equigenitalis; sexually; purulent endometritis and cervicitis
Cause of peripartum endometritis in goats (recent article)
Paeniclostridium sordellii (gram + rods)
How is brucellosis in swine different?
Produces focal granulomatous lesions or skeletal/joint lesions (osteomyelitis), and affects nonpregnant uterus
What is the comon brucellosis disease in sheep causes by B. ovis? characteristic histo lesion?
Epididymitis in rams; characteristic sperm granuloma
Pathogenesis of Brucella canis
Ingestion, or venereal, abortion after 50 days, testicular degeneration and epididymitis in males
What type of organism is ureaplasma?
Mycoplasmataceae
What is the portion of the placenta affected by ureaplasma? Key histo?
Amnion; macs and plasma cells; nonsuppurative alveolitis in fetus
What type of organism is coxiella?
Rickettsiaceae; obligate intracellular, Giemsa, modified ZN
Most common reservoir of coxiella; common coinfection in sheep and goats
Dairy cows, goats, sheep; toxoplasma gondii and chlamydophila
Only organ gross lesions occur in with coxiella; appearance and localization of exudate
Placenta; thickened and leathery, with areas of mineralization, exudate worst in the intercotyledonary area
Histologic appearance of coxiella
Trophoblast hyperplasia, diffuse suppurative placentitis, cotyledonary and intercotyledonary necrosis
How to differentiate coxiella from chlamydophila?
No vasculitis, trophoblasts distended by foamy, pale blue microcolonies
Type of organism- Chlamydophila; stain
Gram -, obligate intracellular bacteria, reticulate and elementary bodies; forms inclusions; Giemsa, modified ZN
Chlamydophila abortus causes _____ in _________. AKA
Abortion; sheep, goats, cattle; ovine enzootic abortion
If infected with chlamydophila abortus during early gestation, ewe ______; if infected later gestation, ewe will __________.
Abort in final trimester, or stillbirth/weak lamb; abort in the next pregnancy
Gross lesions with chlamydophila abortus
Placenta looks like brucella, but equal involvement of cotyledons and intercotyledonary; prominent vessels due to marked vasculitis
Key histo with chlamydophila
Marked vasculitis, fibrinoid necrosis, Necrotizing placentitis with chlamydial inclusions in trophoblasts
Most common cause of mycotic placentitis; pathogenesis in cattle?
Aspergillus fumigatus; then zygomycetes; hematogenous arrival, begins in placentomes, then abortion late in gestation
Gross lesions with mycotic placentitis in cow
Greatly enlarged cotyledons, necrotic with swollen margins (cupping)
How do mares get mycotic placentitis
Ascending infection, begins at the cervical star
What is pseudoplacentational endometrial hyperplasia (PEH); who is affected?
Segmental endometrial hyperplasia that resembles pregnancy implantation sites; dog only
Classic histo with PEH
Broad-based polypoid or band of protruding tissue, 3 discrete layers (deep glandular, connective tissue, luminal epithelial junctional)
TVT cell of origin; pathogenesis; karyotype
Histiocyte; cells transplanted and grow like a graft, spontaneous regression in <6 months; 57/58/59 chromosomes
Clin path finding with TVT
polycythemia due to EPO production
Stains for TVT
Lysozyme and alpha-1-antitrypsin
Key histo for TVT
Round cells, mitoses, lymphocytes, intracytoplasmic vacuoles (cytology)
Disease seen from:
Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis
Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus
Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis- infertility in cattle, abortion in cattle and sheep
Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus- abortion in sheep
Campylobacter jejuni- abortion in sheep
Fetal lesion seen with campylobacter; key histo
Targetoid hepatic lesions; multifocal necrotizing hepatitis
Key histo with subinvolution of placental sites
Heavily vacuolated cytoplasm (progestational), necrotic debris, endometrial regeneration and degenerating tophoblasts invading myometrium
Key histo with ovotestes
Hypoplastic seminiferous tubules in medulla, ovarian tissue around periphery
Most common testicular tumor in aged horses
Seminoma
Gross appearance of:
Seminoma
Sustentacular
Interstitial
Seminoma- White soft bulgey
Sustentacular- White and tough, lobulated
Interstitial- yellow, soft, contains hemorrhage and cysts
Which testicular tumors produce hyperestrogenism? Associated lesions?
Sustentacular (more commonly) and interstitial; prostatomegaly with squamous cell metaplasia, bone marrow suppression
Histo appearance of:
Seminoma
Sustentacular
Interstitial
Seminoma- round, no stroma, mitoses, lymphocytes
Sustentacular- palisading, columnar cells with fibrous stroma, lipid droplets
Interstitial- polyhedral cells, granular/vacuolated cytoplasm, lipochrome pigment, cytoplasmic invag, scant stroma
IHCs for:
Seminoma
Sustentacular
Interstitial
Seminoma- PLAP, GATA4 negative
Sustentacular- inhibin, AMH
Interstitial- GATA4 positive
EM findings with Sustentacular tumor
Intercellular junctions and crystals of charcot-bottcher
Findings associated with granulosa cell tumors in the mare
Anestrous, continuous estrus, or male behavior
Findings associated with granulosa cell tumors in the dog
Atrophy of contralateral ovary, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra
IHC for dysgerminoma
SALL4, vimentin
Who gets fibroadenomatous hyperplasia?What mediates hyperplasia in cat mammary?
Intact female cats <2; Progesterone
Histo with fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
Proliferation of lactiferous ducts, separated by concentric or loose, edematous myofibroblastic stroma
What feline breed is predisposed to mammary carcinoma
Siamese
What are deciduomas associated with
Pseudopregnancy
What does toxoplasma cause? Gross lesions?
Abortion in sheep and goats; leukomalacia in cerebral white matter of lamb, encephalitis, pneumonia, hepatitis; white flecks/nodules on cotyledons
Histo with toxo
Edematous villi, necrosis, mineralization*, and organism in parasitophorous vacuole or free
What does toxo bind to on target cells?
Laminin
What does EHV-1 cause?
Respiratory disease most commonly, neurologic dz, abortion, neonatal dz
Difference between subtype 1 and 2
Subtype 1- more severe respiratory disease, more neuro dz and abortion
Subtype 2- mild respiratory dz, less abortion
Gross lesions with EHV-1
Fetus fresh state, but severe pulmonary edema*** with fibrin casts
Hepatic necrosis
Histo with EHV-1
Bronchiolitis/bronchitis with INIBs
Hepatitis with INIBs
What kind of organism is treponema paraluiscuniculi? What does it cause?
Gram - spirochete; rabbit syphilis
Gross lesions with treponema? Classic lesion in bucks?
Mucocutaneous ulceration and crusting (eyes, genital, mouth); star-shaped scrotal scar
Key histo with treponema? Diagnostic test?
Epidermal hyperplasia, acanthosis, crusting, ulceration; wet mount dark field, Warthin-Starry stain
Who gets trophoblastic emboli?
Any hemochorial placentation species- rodents, humans, NHPs
Who is predisposed to endometrial venous aneurysms?
Non-pregnant, multiparous bunnies
Most common tumor of the domestic rabbit
Uterine adenocarcinoma
Where do ferrets get teratomas? Colts? What’s weird about horse teratomas?
Adrenal; cryptorchid testes; They metastasize
