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Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal temperature / HR / RR of a dog or cat neonate

A

35.2-37°C
200-250 bpm
30 brpm (15 brpm just after birth but increases over a couple of hours)

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2
Q

When is the hematocrit the lowest in puppies and kittens

A

Around 1 month (30% in puppies, 27% in kittens)

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3
Q

Differences in laboratory values in puppies and kittens

A
  • Increased lactate
  • Anemia
  • Leukocytosis
  • Increased ALP (more pronounced in puppies)
  • Increased GGT in puppies
  • Mild increased bilirubin
  • Decreased BUN, creat, albumin, TP, cholesterol
  • Increased Ca and P
  • Isosthenuric urine
  • Glucosuria
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4
Q

What is the normal MAP is a 1-month-old puppy

A

50 mmHg

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5
Q

What are the preferred IV fluids for neonates

A

LRS

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6
Q

What supplement can help manage refractory hypoglycemia in puppies / kittens

A

Carnitine (200-300 mg/kg q24)

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7
Q

What is the volume of a fluid bolus and maintenance rate in puppies and kittens

A

Bolus: 40-45 mL/kg (puppies) ; 25-30 mL/kg (kittens)

Maintenance: 80-100 mL/kg/day

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8
Q

What is the normal weight gain in puppies and kittens

A
  • Puppies: double their weight within first 10 days of life, then gain 5-10% of weight per day for 8-12 weeks
  • Kittens: double their weight within first 10 days of life, then gain 10-15g per day for 8-12 weeks
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9
Q

What is the safest antibiotic class in neonates? At what dose?

A

Beta-lactams

Dosing interval should be decreased to q12h

(decreased hepatic metabolism, decreased renal excretion, decreased volume of distribution due to lower fat and albumin)

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10
Q

What is the preferred vasopressor in neonates

A

Vasopressin

(sympathetic nervous system is still immature, response to catecholamines is unpredictable)

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11
Q

What is the duration of pregnancy in the bitch and the queen

A

Bitch: parturition is 57-72 days post-mating (63 +/- 1 days after ovulation)

Queen: parturition 52-74 days

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12
Q

Name risk factors of dystocia

A
  • Brachycephalic and chondrodysplastic breeds (materno-fetal disproportion)
  • Small litter (especially singleton pregnancy)
  • Excessively large litter
  • Age of the bitch
  • Underlying metabolic diseases
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13
Q

What are indicators for clinical examination in a bitch / queen in parturition

A
  • Signs of systemic illness
  • Stage 1 labor extending beyond 12 h
  • Abdominal contractions without puppies within 2h (or kittens within 1h) or forceful contractions and no fetus within 30min
  • Stillborn fetuses passed
  • Uteroverdin in discharge with no fetus passed within 2h
  • Pregnancy over 72 days
  • Drop in rectal temperature > 1°C around due date followed by rise again with no sign of labor
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14
Q

What are the 3 stages of labor and their duration

A
  1. Stage 1: 6-12h
    Nesting behaviour, uterine contractions
  2. Stage 2: 2-12h (up to 24 for queen)
    Overt abdominal contractions and expulsion of fetuses
  3. Stage 3: happens with stage 2
    Expulsion of placentas + uterine involution
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15
Q

What is the best indicator of fetal distress

A

HR < 180 bpm on ultrasound

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16
Q

What is the medical management of dystocia? What are indications?

A

Oxytocin 0.5-2 IU SQ or IM and Ca gluconate

Only attempted if labor has not been prolonged, fetal size is normal, obstruction has been ruled out, cervix is dilated, and fetuses are not in distress

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17
Q

What is an adequate suture pattern for hysterotomy closure

A

Double layer:
- First layer simple continuous (without going through the muscle)
- Second layer continuous Cushing’s pattern

Use monofilament absorbable suture on a taper-point needle

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18
Q

What are the stages of eclampsia in dogs

A
  1. Stage I: anxiety, restlessness, facial pruritus, diarrhea, vomiting, PUPD
  2. Stage II: Ataxia, tremors, mydriasis, lack of interest in offspring
  3. Stage III: Muscle stiffness, hyperesthsia, panting, tachycardia, possible agression
  4. Stage IV: Tonic-clonic muscle spasms, laboured breathing, disorientation
  5. Stage V: Arrhythmias (VPCs), seizures, death
19
Q

What is the dose of calcium supplementation recommended for eclampsia

A

5-15 mg/kg of elemental calcium -> 10% calcium gluconate 1-1.5 mL/kg for dogs and 2.5 mL/kg for cats

Can follow with CRI of 1-3 mg/kg/h elemental calcium

Then calcium carbonate 100 mg/kg per day during lactation

20
Q

What are the parameters of the Apgar score? What score indicates distress of the neonate?

A

HR, resp effort, RR, reflex irritability, mobility, MM color

Distress (and decreased survival) when 6 or lower

21
Q

Is atropine recommended in neonate CPR

A

No. (They don’t do vagally mediated bradycardia)

22
Q

In which patients does neonatal isoerythrolysis happen

A

Type A kittens with a type B queen

23
Q

What is the medical treatment for metritis

A
  • Antibiotics (Clavamox is a good choice and is ok for puppies to keep nursing, TMS has less resistance but prevents nursing)
  • Ecbolic agent: PGF-2alpha
24
Q

How can antibiotics be selected based on milk pH for mastitis

A
  • Acidic milk -> TMS
  • Alkaline milk -> Clavamox / cephalosporins
25
Q

What medical treatment can be considered for a closed cervix pyometra

A
  • Antibiotics (often potentiated penicillins + fluoroquinolone)
  • Progesterone receptor antagonist (antiprogestin, e.g. aglepristone) to open the cervix +/- PGF2alpha to increase intensity of uterine contractions
26
Q

What are the 2 types of priapism and what is their management

A
  • Ischemic priapsism (= occlusion of blood flow) -> more severe. Requires evacuation of blood (draining from corpus cavernosum) +/- irrigation +/- penile amputation if unsuccessful
  • Non-ischemia priapism (= increased arterial blood flow) -> cold compresses, systemic alpha-agonists for vasoconstriction

In both cases, lubricate and put E-collar

27
Q

What is the difference between priapism and paraphimosis

A

Priapism = erection lasting for at least 4 hours

Paraphimosis = inability of the penis to go in the prepuce, without active erection (usually follows erection)

28
Q

When does pyometra occur most commonly in dogs and cats

A

Dogs: 7-8 weeks post estrus (can be 1-4 months)
Cats: 4 weeks post estrus (or before)

29
Q

What are the most common bacteria identified in metritis, pyometra, etc.

A

E Coli, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus (+ Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas)

30
Q

What is the parameter most associated with increased mortality in pyometra

A

Elevated creatinine

31
Q

What is the treatment for vaginal prolapse in a pregnant bitch about to whelp

A

No treatment - parturition can usually happen normally (but monitor for dystocia)

32
Q

What are the ligaments of the ovaries and uterus

A
  • Suspensory ligament (attaches each ovary to the last rib)
  • Proper ligament (attaches each ovary to each uterine horn)
  • Broad ligament (attaches ovaries and uterus to the body wall dorsally)
  • Round ligament (attaches the uterus caudally)
33
Q

At what age does an animal develop an increased parasympathetic tone?

A

4 weeks

34
Q

What is a particularity of thoracic radiographs in neonates?

A

The themes is present in the cranial left field and can mimic a thoracic mass

35
Q

When is MAP expected to normalize in puppies?

A

9 months of age

  • 49 mmHa at 1 month
36
Q

What are some treatment options for hydrocephalus?

A
  • Omeprazole (decreases CSF movement into the ventricles)
  • Corticosteroids? Diuretics?
  • VP shunt
37
Q

How does metritis differ from pyometra?

A

Occurs within 7 days of parturition, when serum progesterone concentration is low

38
Q

Why are patients with pyometra often azotemic?

A

Pre renal dehydration and/or endotoxin induced (E.Coli) renal tubular damage

39
Q

What is the antibiotic of choice for pyometra?

A

Fluoroquinolone + estende spectrum penicillin

TMS

3rd gen cephalosporine

40
Q

What precedes pyometra?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

41
Q

What are the most common prostatic neoplasms?

A

TCC and prostatic adenocarcinoma

42
Q

Antibiotic plan for infectious prostatitis

A

Fluoroquinolone + potentiated amoxicillin for 4 weeks

Reculture urine or prostatic fluid 1 week post antibiotic discontinuation and then again 2-4 weeks later

  • consider castration
43
Q

Describe the physiology of parturition

A

Progesterone secreted by corpus luteum to maintain pregnancy

Maturation of fetal adrenal glands release cortisol and triggers parturition –> increase estrogen release –> PG release from uteroplacental complex

–> PGE2 –> luteolysis –> decreased circulating progesterone –> increase in prolactin –> lactation

–> PGF2 alpha –> increases sensitivity of endometrium to oxytocin which is release by pituitary gland –> contractions + softening of cervix

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