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Physio II > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main classes of hormones?

A
  1. Steroids nucleus
  2. proteins/peptides (glycoproteins) membrane
  3. eicosanoids
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2
Q

What are the diff ways of hormone delivery?

A
  1. Endocrine (EX: estradiol, FSH)
  2. Neuroendocrine (EX: GnRH)
  3. Paracrine (EX: testosterone from leydig to sertoli)
  4. Autocrine (EX: estradiol)
  5. Pheromonal/ectohormonal (EX: Bruce effect/ram effect)
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3
Q

Describe supraphysiological stimulation.

A

-internalization of hormone receptors
-hormone is ineffective
EX: prolonged release, high GnRH
>contraceptive in dogs, horses
>suprarelin

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4
Q

Describe the source of production of hormones.

A
  1. Pineal = melatonin
  2. Hypothalamus = GnRH
  3. Pituitary = FSH, LH, prolactin, oxytocin
  4. Ovary = estradiol, progesterone, inhibin, testosterone, relaxin, oxytocin
  5. Testis = testosterone, inhibin, estradiol
  6. Uterus = prostaglandin F2 a
  7. Placenta = progesterone, estradiol, hCG, eCG, oxytocin, PGF2a
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5
Q

Describe the hormones biochemical structure.

A
  1. Peptide (proteins) = sm. Few amino acids. Easily broken [oxytocin, GnRH, prolactin]
  2. Glycoproteins = carbohydrate & protein. Easily broken [FSH, LH, eCG]
  3. Steroids = cholesterol. Transpass cell membranes. [estradiol, progesterone, testosterone]
  4. Prostaglandins = eicosanoid lipid [PGF2a, PGE2]
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6
Q

Describe estradiol.

A

-made by follicular cells in ovary
-fetoplacental unit
-synthesized from androgens by aromatase
-metabolized in liver
FUNCTION:
F = sexual behavior, LH surge, uterine prep, vag proliferation, role in preg, bone health, immune response
M = testicular health

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7
Q

Describe progesterone.

A

-made by ovary (CL) after ovulation
>prolif & diff of granulosa cells (lg luteal) & theca interna (sm luteal)
-metabolized in liver
FUNCTIONS:
F = maintain preg, sex behavior, mammary gland develop, immune, brain

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8
Q

Describe testosterone (androgen).

A

-made by leydig
-metabolized in liver
FUNCTION:
Masculinization, repro tract develop, spermatogenesis, male sex behavior, anabolic, erythropoietic

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9
Q

Describe GnRH.

A

-made by hypothalamus
-regulated by estrogens
-downregulation
FUNCTION:
F & M = regulate gonadotropins, LH, & FSH

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10
Q

Describe LH.

A

-made by anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
-downregulation
FUNCTION:
F = follicular maturation & ovulation
M = spermatogenesis

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11
Q

Describe FSH.

A

-made by anterior pituitary
-downregulation
FUNCTION:
F = follicular development
M = act on sertoli FSH to form secondary spermatocytes

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12
Q

Describe prostaglandins.

A

-PGF2a & PGE2
FUNCTION:
PGF2a = luteolysis of CL & uterine contraction
PGE2 = material recognition of preg in mares

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13
Q

Describe oxytocin.

A

-made by hypothalamus but released by posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) & CL
-downregulation
FUNCTION:
uterine contraction, milk ejection, maternal recognition of preg, luteolytic release of prostaglandins

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14
Q

Describe melatonin.

A

-made by pineal gland
FUNCTION:
Seasonality, regulates GnRH

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15
Q

Describe eCG or PMSG.

A

-made by endometrial cups
-superovulation
FUNCTION:
Follicles, develop of CL, eCG is FSH & LH-like

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16
Q

Describe inhibin.

A

-made by granulosa & sertoli (dominant follicle)
-neg feedback to anterior
-gonadal glycoproteins
-follicular deviation
FUNCTION:
Regulate FSH release from pituitary gland

17
Q

Describe AMH.

A

-F = made by granulosa cells of preantral & sm antral follicles
-M = activated by sertoli during fetal develop
FUNCTION:
F = regulate folliculogenesis
M = SOX9 inhibits development of female repro (Müllerian duct)

18
Q

Describe the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis.

A
19
Q

Describe the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system.

A

-microcirculation connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary
-GnRH, GHRH, CRH, TRH
-hypothalamic center in females & surge
>tonic = low amp GnRH pulses
>surge = high level of estradiol & high amp GnRH pulse
-regulate levels of estrogens
FUNCTION:
Transport & exchange hormones between the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus & anterior pituitary gland

20
Q

Describe prenatal development.

A

Sequential
-embryology
-sex diff
-fetal maturation

21
Q

Describe the signaling pathways for embryo development.

A

-specify cell fate via transcription & development
>contact
>paracrine
>endocrine
>synaptic

22
Q

Describe totipotent.

A

Cells that give rise to embryo.

23
Q

Describe endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

A

Ectoderm=
-repro tract
-cd vag & vestibule
-mammary gland
-penis & clit
-pituitary gland
-hypothalamus
-oral & nasal cavity
-sweat gland
Mesoderm=
-gonads
-uterus, cervix, cr vag
-epididymis, ductus deferens
-accessory sex glands
-urinary system
Endoderm=
-glands

24
Q

What does the trophoblast make?

A

Placenta

25
Q

Describe embryo VS fetus.

A

Embryo = no anatomical form that can be recognized
Fetus = recognizable species marked by placentation development

26
Q

Describe the reproductive events (trimester).

A

1st trimester = sex diff (chromosome)
2nd trimester = develop repro tract
3rd trimester = testicular descent

27
Q

Describe sex differentiation (3).

A
  1. Genetic (chromosomal) sex
    -determined at fertilization
    *karyotypes:
    >XX or XY in mammals
    >ZZ (M) or ZW (F) in birds
  2. Gonadal sex
    -testis determining gene = SRY & SOX9
    -ovary determining genes = RSPO1 & WNT
  3. Phenotypic sex
    -tubular & external structures
    -AMH, testosterone, DHT
28
Q

Describe present SRY gene & absent SRY gene.

A
  1. Presence of SRY = testis determine factor (TDF)
    -in sex cord of male
    -medullary sex cord -> sertoli
    -cortical sex cord -> degen
    -sex cord -> seminiferous tubules & rete testis
    -pre sertoli = make AMH
  2. Absence of SRY
    -cortical sex cords -> follicles
    -medullary sex cords -> degen = female
29
Q

Describe primordial germ cells.

A

Migrate from outside (yolk sac) into organism through hind gut to undifferentiated gonad at genital ridge.

30
Q

Describe mesonephric duct VS paramesonephric duct.

A

Mesonephric = wolffian (male) duct
>Epididymis/ductus deferens
Paramesonephric = mullerian (female) duct default
>oviduct/uterus/cervix/cranial vag
reproductive system develops at the same time as renal system
[cloaca = rectum]

31
Q

What does the physical sex organ characteristics rely on the presence of?

A

-TDF & SRY
>development of testes & production of testosterone via leydig cells
-AMH
>degen paramesonephric duct
-DHT
>development of penis, scrotum, accessory sex glands

32
Q

Describe freemartinism.

A

-bovine
-male (developed first) & female twins (F is infertile)
-fusion of placental circulation
-AMH transferred from M to F
-regress Müllerian ducts
-vestigial develop of vag, cervix, uterus, uterine tube
-normal vulva & vestibulum derived from urogenital sinus

33
Q

Describe the hypothalamus in M VS F.

A

Female =
-2 areas to secrete GnRH
>tonic (M & F) - ARC
>surge (F only) - POA
-fetal ovaries make estradiol but can’t cross BBB bc its bound to aFP
Male =
-testosterone crosses BBB & converted to estradiol which defeminizes hypothalamus = eliminating surge

34
Q

Describe fetal maturation in M & F.

A

Male = testicle descend into scrotum (temp control)
>gubernaculum enlarge
Female = broad lig & ovaries migrate caudal (except in mares)

Physio II (13 decks)

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