Representing and Describing Data

Question 1

univariate data

Answer 1

data with only 1 variable

Question 2

qualitative data

categorical data

Answer 2

non-numerical data

Question 3

quantitative data

Answer 3

numerical data

Question 4

classifications of quantitative data

Answer 4

discrete data

continuous data

Question 5

discrete data

Answer 5

data that can be counted

able to take only specific values

Question 6

continuous data

Answer 6

data that can be measured

able to take any values within range

Question 7

mode

Answer 7

value that occurs most frequently in set of data

Question 8

median

Answer 8

value that lies in middle when set of data is arranged by size

Question 9

mean

Answer 9

average

sum of all values divided by number of values in set

Question 10

outlier

Answer 10

extreme value in set of data that can distort results of statistical processes

able to drastically increase or decrease mean

Question 11

range

Answer 11

simplest measurement of dispersion of set of data

found by subtracting smallest value from largest value

Question 12

standard deviation (σ_x)

Answer 12

measure of amount of variation or dispersion of set of values

Question 13

variance (σ_x²)

Answer 13

measure of how far set of values is spread from mean

equivalent to square of standard deviation

Question 14

interquartile range (IQR)

Answer 14

difference between upper quartile and lower quartile

Question 15

upper quartile (Q₃)

Answer 15

data point at 75^th percentile

Question 16

lower quartile (Q₁)

Answer 16

data point at 25^th percentile

Question 17

population

Answer 17

entire group from which one may collect data

Question 18

sample

Answer 18

small group chosen from population

Question 19

simple random sampling (SRS)

Answer 19

selection of sample completely at random

Question 20

systematic sampling

Answer 20

selection of sample from ordered sampling frame

Question 21

convenience sampling

Answer 21

selection of sample by selecting those who are easy to reach

Question 22

limitations of convenience sampling

Answer 22

does not include random sample of participants (may lead to biased results)

Question 23

biased sampling

Answer 23

selection of sample that is not random

Question 24

quota sampling

Answer 24

selection of sample by setting certain quotas for participants

Question 25

stratified sampling

Answer 25

selection of sample wherein numbers of certain categories are proportional to their number in population

Question 26

histogram

Answer 26

approximate representation of distribution of numerical data

Question 27

box-and-whisker plot

box plot

Answer 27

graphical depiction of groups of numerical data through their quartiles

Question 28

five-number summary needed to draw a box-and-whisker plot

Answer 28

minimum

lower quartile

median

upper quartile

maximum

Question 29

outlier in relation to lower quartile

Answer 29

less than Q₁ - 1.5 * IQR

Question 30

outlier in relation to upper quartile

Answer 30

greater than Q₃ + 1.5 * IQR

Question 31

dispersion of values in box-and-whisker plot

Answer 31

25% of values are between minimum and lower quartile

25% of values are between lower quartile and median

25% of values are between median and upper quartile

25% of values are betweet upper quartile and maximum

Question 32

cumulative frequency

Answer 32

sum of all frequencies up to particular value

Question 33

requirements for drawing cumulative frequency curve

Answer 33

creation of cumulative frequency table with upper boundary of each class interval in one column and corresponding cumulative frequency in another

Question 34

requirements for finding percentile

Answer 34

reading value on cumulative frequency curve corresponding to percentile of total frequency

Question 35

bivariate data

Answer 35

data with 2 variables

Question 36

purpose of bivariate data

Answer 36

comparison of paired data on 2 variables to determine if there is any correlation between them

Question 37

positive correlation

Answer 37

correlation between variables wherein independent variable increases alongside dependent variable

Question 38

negative correlation

Answer 38

correlation between variables wherein independent variable increases while dependent variable decreases

Question 39

descriptions for strength of correlations

Answer 39

strong

moderate

weak