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Sociology - Media > Representation of Sexuality > Flashcards

Representation of Sexuality Flashcards

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1
Q

How do Journalists & owners influence the representation of sexuality in the media?

A

They tend to be straight white m/c men and so portray a dominant heterosexual ideology.

They represent media for the male gaze - lesbians = sexualised for male pleasure

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2
Q

Cowan & Valentine

A

Gay people were 5 times more likely to be represented negatively than heterosexual people

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3
Q

Batchelor et al - positive representation

A

Some aspects of sexuality = represented positively

Positive reps = publicising sexual health info & exploration of issues like consent & whether couples were ‘ready’ to have sex

EG - Girls right to ‘say no’ was given prominence in several teen dramas and magazines - EG TV show Consent (Channel4)

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4
Q

Batchelor et al - Contraception

A

Contraception is represented as the woman’s responsibility

Evidenced through letters to problem pages centered on girl’s worries about being/getting pregnant

EG TV show The Secret Life of The American Teenager - Teen pregnancy

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5
Q

Batchelor et al - differences between boys and girls

A

distinct differences between how boys & girls, talked, felt & acted in relation to sex in the media

Girls = talked about sex with friends, more interested in emotions, pursued

Boys = boasted about sexual prowess, more interested in sex, the pursuer

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6
Q

How did Batchelor et al believe that boys’ attitudes to sex were represented in the media?

A

Boast about sexual prowess

More interested in sex than an emotional connection

They are the pursuer - they ‘get the girl’

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7
Q

How did Batchelor et al believe girls’ attitudes towards sex were represented in the media

A

Talk about sex with their friends

More interested in an emotional connection than just sex

The pursued - the boys chase them & instigate any sexual behaviour

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8
Q

What sexuality did Batchelor et al claim was ‘invisible in young people’s media?

A

lesbianism

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9
Q

True or False - Batchelor etal claimed that being gay had integrated into mainstream media

A

FALSE

he claimed that being gay had not integrated into mainstream media

When it did appear in mainstream media it was represented as a source of anxiety, embarrassment & a target for bullying.

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10
Q

How did Bathelor et al claim being gay was represented in the media?

A

very rarely appeared in mainstream media but when it did it was represented as a source of anxiety, embarrassment & a target for bullying.

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11
Q

What did Dyer argue?

A

Being gay ‘doesn’t show’ - you cannot tell someone is gay through their appearance

The media constructs stereotypical ‘signs of gayness’ - in order to ‘make visible the invisible’

If anyone (gay or straight) demonstrated these characteristics they could be labelled as ‘gay’ and suffer prejudice and discrimination

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12
Q

What does the media construct according to Dyer

A

Stereotypical ‘signs of gayness’

Such as vocal tics, facial expressions, stances and clothing.

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13
Q

What did Craig argue?

A

There are 3 media signifiers of gayness common in media representations of homosexuality:
1) Camp
2) Macho
3) Deviant

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14
Q

What are the 3 common media signifiers of gayness identified by Craig?

A

1) Camp
2) Macho
3) Deviant

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15
Q

Craig - Camp

A

the most widely used gay representation

the use of irony & exaggeration by colourful, flamboyant figures.

Not interpreted as threatening by heterosexual audiences.

Reinforces negative views of gay sexuality by being somewhere between male & female

EG Eric Effiong (Sex Education)

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16
Q

an example of a ‘camp’ representation of gayness in the media (Craig)

A

Eric Effiong - Sex Education

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17
Q

How is the ‘camp’ representation of gayness in the media interpreted by hetero audiences?
(Craig)

A

Non threatening

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18
Q

According to Craig, is the ‘camp’ representation of gayness in the media a positive one?

A

No

It reinforces negative views by representing gayness as somewhere between male & female

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19
Q

Craig - Macho representation of gayness

A

Relies on exaggerating masculinity

Openly sexual

Transforms practical male clothing into erotic symbols (EG safety helmet or police hat)

Regarded as threatening by hetero audiences but particularly men as it subverts traditional ideas of masculinity.

EG captain Shakespeare in the movie Stardust

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20
Q

How do hetero audiences interpret the ‘macho’ representation of gayness in the media?
(Craig)

A

They regard it as threatening

Particularly men

Because it subverts traditional ideas of masculinity

Which challenges their masculine identities - toxic masculinity

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21
Q

An example of a ‘macho’ representation of gayness in the media
(Craig)

A

Captain Shakespeare - Stardust

22
Q

Craig - Deviant representation of gayness

A

Portrayed as evil, devious or sexual predators

Or people who feel tremendous guilt about their sexuality.

Rarely represented in a sympathetic manner

BUT when they are, the plot focuses on the heterosexual characters journey to acceptance.

Gay characters = defined by their ‘problem’

Homosexuality is often constructed as morally wrong

EG - Adam Groff - Sex Education

23
Q

In a deviant representation of gayness what does Craig claim that gay characters are defined by?

A

their ‘problem’ - their sexuality

24
Q

An example of a ‘deviant’ representation of gayness in the media

A

Adam Groff - Sex Education

25
Q

According to Craig,w hen gay characters do appear in the media what does the plot tend to focus on?

A

The heterosexual characters journey to acceptance

26
Q

How does the media construct homosexuality according to Craig?

A

morally wrong

Gay characters are defined by their ‘problem’

27
Q

How are gay people portrayed when they encompass a ‘deviant’ representation of gayness?
(Craig)

A

Evil
Devious
Sexual predators
People who feel tremendous guilt about their sexuality - therefore do bad things

28
Q

How does Stonewall suggest representations of the LGBT community is similar to media representations of women

A

They both undergo the process of symbolic annihilation

29
Q

How is lesbianism represented in the media according to Stonewall?

A

Lesbianism = oversexualised

represented as erotic decoration

To please the male gaze

30
Q

What dies the UK media frequently demonstrate according to Stonewall?

A

institutional anti-LGBT bias

31
Q

Stonewall - What is a common theme focused on in media that includes gay characters?

A

The focus on gay men who are distressed about their sexual orientation and have been bullied or rejected by their families

32
Q

In a BBC survey why did lesbians criticise TV media?

A

They represent lesbianism in very narrow ways

Either ‘Butch’ or ‘lipstick lesbians’

33
Q

According to a BBC survey what do LGBT community members think about gay characters?

A

sexuality should not be the defining feature of the TV or film portrayal of LGBTs

34
Q

Glaad - how many major studio films released in 2014 included LGBT characters?

A

17 / 100

35
Q

Glaad - Out of the 17 major studio films that included gay characters in 2014, how many of these characters were not solely defined by their sexual orientation & if removed would have a significant impact on the plot?

A

7

36
Q

What did Glaad say about transgender characters?

A

Media representations of transgender characters has been increasing
EG Unique Adams - Glee

37
Q

Why do advertisers make gay-positive marketing campaigns?

A

They recognise the power of the pink economy

Most gays = professional, working people with no dependents and therefore have a disposable income (the pink pound)

So companies court gay customers thorugh gay-positive marketing & advertising campaigns

EG Calvin Klein billboard - a gay couple

38
Q

How do UK Right-wing press represent homosexuality?

A

Wicked, sinful & unnatural

Editorials have strongly opposed legislation aimed at bringing about social change & equality for the LGBT community

EG Daily Mail (2016) ‘What A Skewed Sense of Values’ - front page article - outraged by gov encouraging NHS to hand out new treatment for AIDS as it could encourage ‘sexual risk taking’

39
Q

Example of UK Right-wing press opposing legislation aimed at bringing about social change & equality for LGBT community

A

Daily Mail 2016
Front page
‘What A Skewed Sense of Values’
Outraged that gov was encouraging NHS to hand out new treatment for AIDS as it could encourage ‘sexual risk taking’

40
Q

How has the new media impacted LGBT representation?

A
  • More positive representations
  • show support
  • user generated - good & bad
    good = more supportive websites and positive diverse representations
    Bad = more homophobic content and platforms for anti-LGBT content
41
Q

How has the new media increased representations of the LGBT community?

A

most content in the new media = user generated

public make content that reflects who they are & what they see in society

More positive & diverse representations of LGBT community

42
Q

How has Social media been used to show support of the LGBT community?

A

Facebook = Celebrate Pride Rainbow Filter
Twitter = 3.6 million tweets in 2015 used the #lovewins relating to the US supreme court’s decision to legalise same-sex marriage.

43
Q

research by which university uncovered the downside of new media content being user-generated?

A

University of Alberta

44
Q

What did the university of Alberta uncover?

A

2012 - 2015 = 56.6 million homophobic tweets that used specific homophobic slurs.

45
Q

Why BT criticised by LGBT organisations in 2015?

A

They provided parents with the option of using an internet filter for children that blocks access to gay & lesbian lifestyle content, info on abortion, STIs & contraception.

46
Q

Conclusion

A

There has been an increase in positive LGBT representations in the media

But there is still a long way to go before such sexualities are portrayed in ways that are neither stereotypical or judgemental

47
Q

Gross

A

Media often symbolically annihilates gays & lesbians by excluding, trivialising or making fun of them

48
Q

Stonewall - what % of LGBT characters were represented in negative ways?

A

36%

49
Q

What news values do the negative representations of the LGBT community appeal to?

A

personalisation = make the homosexual person the one to blame

Negativity = create a villain/folk devil in the LGBT community or construct homosexuality as morally wrong

Extraordinariness = LGBT members typically subvert traditional norms and societsal expectations

50
Q

What audience do the negative representations of the LGBT community appeal to?

A

A traditional, mainstream audience that views homosexuality as abnormal or perverse sex

Sociology - Media (7 decks)

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