Representation Flashcards
What does Hall say in his Stereotypes theory?
Stereotypes are a social construct. Reductive representations simplify and categorise individuals or groups based on shared characteristics. Stereotypes are not natural, they are produced within specific cultural contexts. Audiences may interpret stereotypes depending on their social identities and cultural backgrounds. Stereotypes reinforce existing inequalities and power structures within society. Stereotypes can marginalise and dehumanise certain groups while reinforcing the dominant position of others. The reinforcing of negative stereotypes damages the whole of society. Breaking stereotypes is good for society.
What does Gauntlett say in his Pick and Mix theory?
Before mid 20th century, identities in the media were singular and reductive, limited to heteronormative, patriarchal ideals. This is because there were limited media products available for audiences which led to fixed cultural norms. There is now wide range of pluralistic representations for the audience to adapt. Audiences actively construct their identitiy. Identity is not fixed but is continually shaped and reshapred through everyday actions. Self-rep, identity exploration and connection with others are explored through media and tech.
What does Van Zoonen say in his Feminism theory?
Objectification is a core part of western patriarchy. Women are viewed as passive whereas men are viewed as active. mainstream texts reinforce the belief that women belong to the domestic sphere whereas men belong to the world of work. Mainstream media is heteronormative. Gender is constructed through discourses which change over time - meaning that the way gender was perceived in society historically is not the same in modern texts.
What does Hooks say in her Feminism and Intersectionality theory?
Hook views education as a critical tool for raising awareness and fostering social change. She believes education should be transformative. Hook argues that forms of oppression are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Discrimination can be rooted in race and class as well as gender and these intersections of identity can impact the extent to which an individual is discriminated against. Hook says feminist movement doesn’t ensure equality for all women for this reason.
What does Butler say in his Gender Performativity theory?
Gender is not innate or fixed, we learn what to do on widespread cultural behaviours that are normalised over time. ‘Gender is a social construct’. In mainstream culture, body type should link to things like dress codes, hairstyle, posture, gesture and verbal communication. People must conform if they are to be accepted. Developments in gender discourse is leading to gender performativity codes being broken to create more pluralistic gender performances. Gender identity is continually performed and reproduced through everyday rituals. Individuals come to embody gender through repeated performances which become ‘rituals’. Gender identities are constantly negotiated and contested within social contexts.
What does Gilroy say in his Postcolonialism theory?
‘Colonial discourses’ are the ways we speak about race and ethnicity originated in a historical period where Europeans colonised the world. An inequality of power between Eurocentric and ‘other’ cultures was established and used to build a patriarchal status quo that is still in effect today. Gilroy states that because colonialism lasted well into the 20th century, these discourses still prevail in mainstream cultures.
What does colonialism mean in Gilroy’s Postcolonialism theory?
the laws, rituals, religions, politics, laws, dress codes, language, food and hierarchies established by an invading force. They can result in the erasure of native ways of life.
What does Postcolonialism mean in Gilroy’s Postcolonialism theory?
The imprint that invading forces leave on a native population.
What us Diaspora in Gilroy’s theory?
The movement of people around the world, away from their country of origin because of colonialism.
What does Barnes say in his Stereotypes of Disability theory? (use for super human only)
Disabled people are often represented using the following stereotypes: pitiable, object of curiosity or violence, sinister, laughable, non-sexual, a burden, unable. Producers can choose to challenge these stereotypes if they want to change how the disabled community is viewed as part of a society.
What does Hook say about intersectionality?
Feminism must address the interconnectedness of race, class and gender in order for it to be a truly inclusive movement.
What does Hook say about Particarchal Opression?
Hooks argues that patriarchy exists to maintain status quo and inequalities of power that place white men at the top of social hierarchy. However it is a social construct so it can be dismantled.
What does reductive mean in Hall’s stereotypes theory?
To simplify a group to a couple of broad characteristics.
What does marginalise mean in Hall’s stereotypes theory?
The dominant group in society is given more representation than all other groups.
What does dehumanise mean in Hall’s stereotypes theory?
To simplify a group to the point where they are considered to be worth less than other people.
