Reprductive System Flashcards

1
Q

“Each cell” in your body contains ..

A

46 chromosomes (23 homologous pairs)*

Each cell has the exact same chromosomes

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2
Q

Homologous pair members

A
  1. ) look like the other

2. ) carries the same type of genes

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3
Q

23 pairs of chromosomes

A

Diploid chromosome number (2n)

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4
Q

Reproduction - Gonad

A

Gonad (2n cells)
—-meiosis—-> Sperm cell

                       —>    Oocyte

Sperm cell & oocyte = Gametes
—> 23 unpaired chromosomes (1n)

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5
Q

Haploid chromosome number (1n)

A

23 unpaired chromosomes

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6
Q

Reproductive organs (primary)

A
Primary reproductive gonads 
   —> ovaries 
              -> gametes = oocytes
              -> hormones =  - estrogen 
                                          - progestins

—> testes

          - > gametes = spermatozoa 
          - > hormones = androgens (test.)
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7
Q

Gonads

A
  1. Make gametes (sex cells)

2. Secrete sex hormones

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8
Q

Reproductive organs (accessory)

A

Accessory reproductive organs

  • > nourish, transport, and store gametes
  • > allow copulation (sex)
  • > allow gestation
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9
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Glands:

  • testes (2)
  • seminal vesicles (2)
  • prostate (1)
  • bulbourethal (cowper’s) gland (2)

Ducts:

  • epididymis (2)
  • vas deferens (2)
  • ejaculatory ducts (2)
  • urethra (1)

Supporting Structures:

  • spermatic cords (2)
  • scrotum
  • penis
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10
Q

Development of the Testes - descent of the testes

A

Testes begin development within the abdominal-pelvic cavity -> anchored to the pelvic floor by DFCT
*Gubernaculum - anchors testes to the pelvic floor

Fetus grows - Gubernaculum stays the same length - *accounts for testes descending

At 7 months - Gubernaculum shortens - pulls testes into the scrotum along with tubes + wires

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11
Q

When Testes pulled through.. they drag with them..

A
  • Fibers of the internal oblique muscle -> Cremaster muscle
  • CT of body wall -> spermatic facia
  • Testicular blood vessels
  • Vas Deferens
  • Testicular Nerves - regulate temp. of blood

ALL FORM —> Spermatic Cord

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12
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Regulates temperature

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13
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Failure of the testes/testis to descend

If not corrected

  • > sterility of the non descended testis
  • > big increases risk of testicular cancer
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14
Q

Testis Structure

A

Wall - outer layer
-> serious membrane called Tunica Vaginalis (outer layer of testicles)

Underneath*

DFCT -> Tunica Albuginea

Tunica Albuginea:

Inward radiating walls (septa)
-> part testes into 250-300 lobules

Lobules -> smallest functional unit of the testicle
-> each contain 1-4 coiled Seminiferous Tubules* (“sperm factories”)

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15
Q

Spermatogenesis (see pic)

A

Spermatogonium (46)

  • pre mitosis (duplicates chromosomes)—>
  • Spermatogonium now has 92 chromatids—mitosis—>

Primary Spermatocyte (46)

*Other spermatogonium (remains behind attached to wall

Primary Spermatocyte

  • pre meiosis (duplicates chromosomes)—>
  • now has 92 chromatids

—Meiosis 1–>

Secondary Spermatocytes (46) (x2)

—Meiosis 2–>

Spermatids (23) (x4)

—Spermiogensis—>

Spermatozoa (23) (x4)

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16
Q

Spermiogensis

A

Process where spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa

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17
Q

Spermiogensis

A

Loss of most of the cytoplasm of the Spermatid

Formation of:
- acrosome -> hyaluronic acid - acid that digests the “egg shell”

  • mid piece -> mitochondria - ATP - used to power “run” flagellum
  • flagellum (tail)
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18
Q

Errors in Meiosis

A

Non Disjunction (females)

  • > failure of chromosomes to segregate during Meiosis
    - > results in gametes that have a faulty chromosome number (Down syndrome “Trisomy 21”
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19
Q

Females

A

XX

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20
Q

Males

A

XY

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21
Q

Development of gender

A

Females -> Oogenesis

50% oocytes carry X

50% oocytes carry X

Males -> Spermatogenesis

50% carry X

50% carry Y

*sperm determines gender of child

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22
Q

Further gender development

A
  1. All embryos contain duct precursors for both male and female reproductive organs
    • male duct precursors - Wolffion ducts
    • female duct precursors - Müllerian ducts
  2. Up to 6 weeks gestation, males and females are indistinguishable (have ducts for both)
  3. The automatic pattern of development is Müllerian development -> female fetus, and this will occur in the absence of hormonal modification
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23
Q

XY

A

Causes the embryo to produce Testes

 - become active at 7 weeks 

 - produce the hormones 
        - testosterone 
        - MIF (Müllerian duct inhibiting factor)

 - stimulates Wolffion development 
         - > produces male 

 - MIF -> stops female development *
24
Q

Control of Testosterone secretion + Spermatogenesis

Brain - Testicular axis

A

See diagram in notes *

Hypothalamus
—secretes GNRH on—>

         Anterior pituitary gland 
  —secretes FSH on—> Sustentacular cells 

  —secretes LH on—> Interstitial cells

  Sustentacular cells 
      —secrete inhibin on—> Anterior P. Gland 
         (Inhibits FSH output from Anterior P.) 

    —secrete ABP (androgen bonding protein)
          *ABP allows testosterone to bind to 
            spermatogonia -> stimulates 
             Spermatogenesis 

  Interstitial cells 
        —secrete testosterone -> stimulates 
             Spermatogenesis 

Testosterone - all systemic effects
- high concentrations of
testosterone inhibit GNRH
output from hypothalamus

25
Sperm count
Ejaculatory volume (mL) (2-5mL) x Concentration (number of sperm cells/mL) (20-100 million/mL) Up to 500 million per ejaculation
26
Minimum requirement for fertility
- count at least 60 million/ejaculation - at least 60% should swim - at least 60% should be normal morphology (looks right, right shape) Sperm can live up to 48 hours in the female reproductive tract Oocyte lives for 24 hours if not fertilized
27
Seminal vesicles
Seminal fluid -> 60% of semen volume - > basic (alkaline) - neutralizes acid in female reproductive tract - > fructose “sperm food” gives sperm energy - > fibrinogen - semen clot
28
Prostate gland
Prostatic fluid -> 30% of semen volume - > seminalplasmin (kills bacteria) - > fibrinolysin - liquefies clot BPH - Bennie Prostatic Hypertrophy - enlarged prostate - older men (>50) - treated with drugs -> decreases androgens to shrink prostate - TURP - transurethraldisectomy (surgery) Prostatic Carcinoa - #1 male cancer
29
Cowper’s Gland
Cowper’s fluid -> 5% of semen -> secreted during erection -> alkaline mucus - neutralizes acid urine in males urethra because sperm don’t like an acidic environment *both lubrication for copulation
30
Epididymis
Long coiled tube (21 inches) Functions: - stores sperm - adjusts Testicular fluid - absorbs dead sperm - sperm mature here
31
Vas Deferens
18 inches long Smooth muscle - peristalsis of Testicular fluid to ejaculatory duct - vasectomy - cut and tie off vas deferens
32
Ejaculatory duct? Urethra?
***
33
Scrotum
Sac of skin + facia Facia -> holds testes Scrotum -> dartos muscle -> when cold.. muscle contracts -tightens scrotal skin -decrease of surface area which conserves heat
34
Penis
Regions - root - body (shaft) - glans Glans - covered by *prepuce: - sebacious glands (smegma) - foreskin —> circumcission
35
Erectile Tissue
Spongy, vascular CT -> corpora cavernosa (2) - > corpus spongiosum - urethra - forms bulb (proximal) - forms glans (distal)
36
Erection reflex
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - parasympathetic* Sacral spine - dump nitric oxide on anterioles of erectile tissue - dilate - blood to cells - erection Sacral spine also activates Cowper’s glands
37
Ejaculation reflex
Sympathetic Emission : L1 L2 -> stimulate peristalsis in epididymis tail and vas deferens -> seminal vesicles - send seminal fluid into urethra -> prostate- send prostatic fluid into urethra Seminal vesicles and prostate contract ** Contraction of skeletal muscles about the bulb of penis —> ejaculation
38
Ejaculation effects
Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Increased sweating Increased respiration Pupils dilate Endorphins - make you feel good
39
Female reproductive system
Glands: - Ovaries (2) - Bartholins glands (2) - Uterine glands Ducts: - Fallopian tubes (2) - uterus - vagina External genitalia (vulva) - mons pubis - labia majora - labia minora - clitoris - vaginal + urethral openings Breasts: - breasts
40
Ovary
Outer layers -> germinal epithelium (simple cuboidal) -> tunica albuginea - DFCT Outer region - > ovarian cortex - vascular CT - contains ovarian follicles Ovarian follicles - release oocytes - release sex hormones Core - medulla - vascular CT - large blood vessels
41
Ovarian Follicles (pre ovulatory)
Central Oocyte Epithelial cells -> secrete female sex hormones Primordial - oocyte surrounded by one layer of squamous cells (follicle cells) -> inactive Primary - oocyte surrounded by one or a few layers of cuboidal cells -> granulosa cells -> secrete estrogens* Secondary - oocyte surrounded by many layers of cuboidal cells (increased estrogen) Graafian - oocyte surrounded by many layers of cuboidal cells and large antrums
42
Oogenesis - pre natal
Oogonia (2n) —mitosis—> Primary oocytes -> begin meiosis 1 -are arrested in prophase of meiosis 1 (2n x 2) 92 chromatids - at birth, ovaries hold 1-2 million primary oocytes - by puberty -> about 400,000 remain
43
Oogenesis
Day 1 - ovarian cycle See diagram
44
Fallopian tubes
About 5 inches long - infundibulum with fimbriae - ampulla - isthmus - uterine Histology: Outer layer - visceral peritoneum (simple squamous) Middle layer - muscularis - smooth muscle - peristalsis Inner layer - mucosa - vascular CT - lamina propia - simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and non ciliated cells
45
PID
Pelvic inflammatory disease - bacterial infection of female reproductive tract - chronic -> inflammation -> collagen fibers (scar tissue) build up and clog fallopian tube #1 cause of sterility
46
The Uterus
Regions - Fundus -> superior rounded - body -> surrounds uterine cavity - Isthmus -> surrounds cervical canal - > cervix Histology/layers: Outer - visceral peritoneum -> Perimetrium Middle - myometrium - smooth muscle -90% of uterine wall Inner - endometrium - thick mucosa - lamina propia - vascular CT - simple columnar - 10% of uterine wall *endometrium -> uterine glands -> secrete glycogen
47
Endometrium
Stratum Basalis - > contracts myometrium - > thinner, permanent Stratum Functionalis - > faces lumen - > thicker, shed + regrown once per month
48
Stratum basalis
Fed by straight arteries | -> always open
49
Stratum functionalis
Fed by spiral arteries | -> constrict/dilate in response to changing ovarian hormones
50
Spiral arteries
- when there is an increase in estrogen, stratum functionalis and it’s spiral arteries grow - proliferate - when there is an increase in progestins, stratum functionalis and spiral arteries dilate - when levels of progestins decrease, stratum functionalis and spiral arteries constrict -> stratum functionalis dies, sloughed off
51
Ovarian + menstrual cycle
Concurrent, 28 day cycles in which changing levels of ovarian hormones cause uterine stratum functionalis to be alternately shed and regrown Ovarian cycle —causes—> uterine cycle
52
Ovarian cycle *see diagram
Hypothalamus -secretes GNRH on-> (Day 1 - 1 spurt/60-90 min) Anterior Pituitary Gland -secretes FSH on-> Primordial follicles -secretes LH on Graafian follicle (stimulates ovulation**) ``` Primordial cells after FSH -turn into—> Primary follicles -secrete inhibin on anterior pituitary g. (inhibits FSH output) ``` - secretes estrogen (est. stimulates more follicular growth) Primary follicle —> secondary follicles Secondary follicle -secrete more estrogen (more follicular growth) Secondary follicle —> Graafian follicle (day 13) Graafian follicle -secretes tons o estrogen-> -increased estrogen causes hypothalamus to increase frequency of GNRH to (1 spurt/30 min) (day 13) Increased estrogen also causes a blast of LH from the anterior pituitary gland on to the Graafian follicle which stimulates ovulation -> Corpus Luteum forms -> secretes progestins -increased progestin output inhibits GNRH release from the hypothalamus Corpus Luteum lives two weeks, if not conception, it dies and becomes -> Corpus Albicans .. next cycle ***when Corpus Luteum dies, it stops producing progestins, so inhibition of hypothalamus stops and it releases GNRH again
53
Ovarian cycle phases
Day 1-14 -> Follicular Phase -> increased estrogen -ovulation- Day 14-28 -> Luteal phase -> increased progesterone If conception happens: Oocyte —> embryo embryo —> secretes human chorionic gonadotropin -> keeps the corpus luteum alive + secretes progestins for 2-3 months.. after -> placenta produces progestins
54
Menstrual cycle *see diagram in notes
Uterine cycle Mensis-> /7 days/ -> proliferative —> ovulation -> secretory Ovarian cycle Follicular phases -> /ovulation (day 14) — —> luteal Mensis (1/2 of follicular) - decreases estrogen - decreases progestins - spiral arteries constrict - > stratum functionalis dies/sloughed off Proliferative (1/2 of follicular) - increased estrogen - s functionalis regrows - uterine glands increase in number - cervical mucus thins out Ovulation - day 14 Secretory phase (luteal phase) - increased progestins - spiral arteries dilate - stratum functionalis thickens - uterine glands secrete glycogen - cervical mucus plug forms
55
Vagina
Histology - outer -> Aventitia - DFCT - mid -> smooth muscle - muscularis - inner -> mucosa - vascular CT - lamina propia - stratified squamous Functions: - female copulatory organ - birth canal - outlet for menstrual flow Vulva - see other notes* - mons pubis - adipose tissue