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AP 2 Reproductive System > Reprductive System > Flashcards

Reprductive System Flashcards

1
Q

“Each cell” in your body contains ..

A

46 chromosomes (23 homologous pairs)*

Each cell has the exact same chromosomes

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2
Q

Homologous pair members

A
  1. ) look like the other

2. ) carries the same type of genes

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3
Q

23 pairs of chromosomes

A

Diploid chromosome number (2n)

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4
Q

Reproduction - Gonad

A

Gonad (2n cells)
—-meiosis—-> Sperm cell

                       —>    Oocyte

Sperm cell & oocyte = Gametes
—> 23 unpaired chromosomes (1n)

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5
Q

Haploid chromosome number (1n)

A

23 unpaired chromosomes

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6
Q

Reproductive organs (primary)

A 
Primary reproductive gonads 
   —> ovaries 
              -> gametes = oocytes
              -> hormones =  - estrogen 
                                          - progestins

—> testes

          - > gametes = spermatozoa 
          - > hormones = androgens (test.)
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7
Q

Gonads

A
  1. Make gametes (sex cells)

2. Secrete sex hormones

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8
Q

Reproductive organs (accessory)

A

Accessory reproductive organs

  • > nourish, transport, and store gametes
  • > allow copulation (sex)
  • > allow gestation
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9
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Glands:

  • testes (2)
  • seminal vesicles (2)
  • prostate (1)
  • bulbourethal (cowper’s) gland (2)

Ducts:

  • epididymis (2)
  • vas deferens (2)
  • ejaculatory ducts (2)
  • urethra (1)

Supporting Structures:

  • spermatic cords (2)
  • scrotum
  • penis
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10
Q

Development of the Testes - descent of the testes

A

Testes begin development within the abdominal-pelvic cavity -> anchored to the pelvic floor by DFCT
*Gubernaculum - anchors testes to the pelvic floor

Fetus grows - Gubernaculum stays the same length - *accounts for testes descending

At 7 months - Gubernaculum shortens - pulls testes into the scrotum along with tubes + wires

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11
Q

When Testes pulled through.. they drag with them..

A
  • Fibers of the internal oblique muscle -> Cremaster muscle
  • CT of body wall -> spermatic facia
  • Testicular blood vessels
  • Vas Deferens
  • Testicular Nerves - regulate temp. of blood

ALL FORM —> Spermatic Cord

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12
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Regulates temperature

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13
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Failure of the testes/testis to descend

If not corrected

  • > sterility of the non descended testis
  • > big increases risk of testicular cancer
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14
Q

Testis Structure

A

Wall - outer layer
-> serious membrane called Tunica Vaginalis (outer layer of testicles)

Underneath*

DFCT -> Tunica Albuginea

Tunica Albuginea:

Inward radiating walls (septa)
-> part testes into 250-300 lobules

Lobules -> smallest functional unit of the testicle
-> each contain 1-4 coiled Seminiferous Tubules* (“sperm factories”)

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15
Q

Spermatogenesis (see pic)

A

Spermatogonium (46)

  • pre mitosis (duplicates chromosomes)—>
  • Spermatogonium now has 92 chromatids—mitosis—>

Primary Spermatocyte (46)

*Other spermatogonium (remains behind attached to wall

Primary Spermatocyte

  • pre meiosis (duplicates chromosomes)—>
  • now has 92 chromatids

—Meiosis 1–>

Secondary Spermatocytes (46) (x2)

—Meiosis 2–>

Spermatids (23) (x4)

—Spermiogensis—>

Spermatozoa (23) (x4)

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16
Q

Spermiogensis

A

Process where spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa

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17
Q

Spermiogensis

A

Loss of most of the cytoplasm of the Spermatid

Formation of:
- acrosome -> hyaluronic acid - acid that digests the “egg shell”

  • mid piece -> mitochondria - ATP - used to power “run” flagellum
  • flagellum (tail)
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18
Q

Errors in Meiosis

A

Non Disjunction (females)

  • > failure of chromosomes to segregate during Meiosis
    - > results in gametes that have a faulty chromosome number (Down syndrome “Trisomy 21”
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19
Q

Females

A

XX

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20
Q

Males

A

XY

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21
Q

Development of gender

A

Females -> Oogenesis

50% oocytes carry X

50% oocytes carry X

Males -> Spermatogenesis

50% carry X

50% carry Y

*sperm determines gender of child

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22
Q

Further gender development

A
  1. All embryos contain duct precursors for both male and female reproductive organs
    • male duct precursors - Wolffion ducts
    • female duct precursors - Müllerian ducts
  2. Up to 6 weeks gestation, males and females are indistinguishable (have ducts for both)
  3. The automatic pattern of development is Müllerian development -> female fetus, and this will occur in the absence of hormonal modification
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23
Q

XY

A

Causes the embryo to produce Testes

 - become active at 7 weeks 

 - produce the hormones 
        - testosterone 
        - MIF (Müllerian duct inhibiting factor)

 - stimulates Wolffion development 
         - > produces male 

 - MIF -> stops female development *
24
Q

Control of Testosterone secretion + Spermatogenesis

Brain - Testicular axis

A

See diagram in notes *

Hypothalamus
—secretes GNRH on—>

         Anterior pituitary gland 
  —secretes FSH on—> Sustentacular cells 

  —secretes LH on—> Interstitial cells

  Sustentacular cells 
      —secrete inhibin on—> Anterior P. Gland 
         (Inhibits FSH output from Anterior P.) 

    —secrete ABP (androgen bonding protein)
          *ABP allows testosterone to bind to 
            spermatogonia -> stimulates 
             Spermatogenesis 

  Interstitial cells 
        —secrete testosterone -> stimulates 
             Spermatogenesis

Testosterone - all systemic effects
- high concentrations of
testosterone inhibit GNRH
output from hypothalamus

25
Q

Sperm count

A

Ejaculatory volume (mL) (2-5mL)

                 x

 Concentration (number of sperm cells/mL)
                              (20-100 million/mL)

Up to 500 million per ejaculation

26
Q

Minimum requirement for fertility

A
  • count at least 60 million/ejaculation
  • at least 60% should swim
  • at least 60% should be normal morphology (looks right, right shape)

Sperm can live up to 48 hours in the female reproductive tract

Oocyte lives for 24 hours if not fertilized

27
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Seminal fluid
-> 60% of semen volume

  • > basic (alkaline) - neutralizes acid in female reproductive tract
  • > fructose “sperm food” gives sperm energy
  • > fibrinogen - semen clot
28
Q

Prostate gland

A

Prostatic fluid
-> 30% of semen volume

  • > seminalplasmin (kills bacteria)
  • > fibrinolysin - liquefies clot

BPH - Bennie Prostatic Hypertrophy

           - enlarged prostate 
           - older men (>50)
           - treated with drugs -> decreases androgens to shrink prostate 
           - TURP - transurethraldisectomy (surgery)

Prostatic Carcinoa - #1 male cancer

29
Q

Cowper’s Gland

A

Cowper’s fluid
-> 5% of semen

-> secreted during erection

-> alkaline mucus
- neutralizes acid urine in males urethra
because sperm don’t like an acidic
environment

   *both lubrication for copulation
30
Q

Epididymis

A

Long coiled tube (21 inches)

Functions:

  • stores sperm
  • adjusts Testicular fluid
  • absorbs dead sperm
  • sperm mature here
31
Q

Vas Deferens

A

18 inches long

Smooth muscle
- peristalsis of Testicular fluid to ejaculatory
duct

  - vasectomy - cut and tie off vas deferens
32
Q

Ejaculatory duct? Urethra?

A
33
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac of skin + facia

Facia -> holds testes

Scrotum -> dartos muscle

                   -> when cold.. muscle contracts 
                        -tightens scrotal skin 
                           -decrease of surface area 
                              which conserves heat
34
Q

Penis

A

Regions

  • root
  • body (shaft)
  • glans

Glans - covered by *prepuce:
- sebacious glands (smegma)
- foreskin
—> circumcission

35
Q

Erectile Tissue

A

Spongy, vascular CT

-> corpora cavernosa (2)

  • > corpus spongiosum
    - urethra
    - forms bulb (proximal)
    - forms glans (distal)
36
Q

Erection reflex

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- parasympathetic*

Sacral spine - dump nitric oxide on anterioles of erectile tissue - dilate - blood to cells - erection

Sacral spine also activates Cowper’s glands

37
Q

Ejaculation reflex

A

Sympathetic

Emission : L1 L2
-> stimulate peristalsis in
epididymis tail and vas
deferens

       -> seminal vesicles - send seminal fluid
           into urethra 

        -> prostate-  send prostatic fluid into
            urethra

Seminal vesicles and prostate contract **

Contraction of skeletal muscles about the bulb of penis —> ejaculation

38
Q

Ejaculation effects

A

Increased heart rate

Increased blood pressure

Increased sweating

Increased respiration

Pupils dilate

Endorphins - make you feel good

39
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Glands:

  • Ovaries (2)
  • Bartholins glands (2)
  • Uterine glands

Ducts:

  • Fallopian tubes (2)
  • uterus
  • vagina

External genitalia (vulva)

  • mons pubis
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris
  • vaginal + urethral openings

Breasts:

  • breasts
40
Q

Ovary

A

Outer layers

    -> germinal epithelium 
             (simple cuboidal)

    -> tunica albuginea - DFCT

Outer region

    - > ovarian cortex 
             - vascular CT 
                  - contains ovarian follicles 

                 Ovarian follicles 

                  - release oocytes 
                  - release sex hormones

Core - medulla

            - vascular CT 
            - large blood vessels
41
Q

Ovarian Follicles (pre ovulatory)

A

Central Oocyte
Epithelial cells -> secrete female
sex hormones

Primordial
- oocyte surrounded by one layer of squamous cells (follicle cells) -> inactive

Primary
- oocyte surrounded by one or a few layers of cuboidal cells -> granulosa cells -> secrete estrogens*

Secondary
- oocyte surrounded by many layers of cuboidal cells (increased estrogen)

Graafian
- oocyte surrounded by many layers of cuboidal cells and large antrums

42
Q

Oogenesis - pre natal

A

Oogonia (2n)
—mitosis—>

Primary oocytes

        -> begin meiosis 1

             -are arrested in prophase of meiosis
               1 (2n x 2) 92 chromatids 

              - at birth, ovaries hold 1-2 million 
                 primary oocytes

              - by puberty -> about 400,000 
                 remain
43
Q

Oogenesis

A

Day 1 - ovarian cycle

See diagram

44
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

About 5 inches long

  • infundibulum with fimbriae
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
  • uterine

Histology:

Outer layer - visceral peritoneum (simple squamous)

Middle layer - muscularis

                         - smooth muscle 
                         - peristalsis

Inner layer - mucosa
- vascular CT - lamina propia
- simple columnar epithelium
with ciliated and non ciliated
cells

45
Q

PID

A

1 cause of sterility

Pelvic inflammatory disease
- bacterial infection of female reproductive tract

 - chronic 
         -> inflammation 
                -> collagen fibers (scar tissue)
                     build up and clog fallopian 
                     tube
46
Q

The Uterus

A

Regions

  • Fundus -> superior rounded
  • body -> surrounds uterine cavity
  • Isthmus -> surrounds cervical canal
    - > cervix

Histology/layers:

Outer - visceral peritoneum -> Perimetrium

Middle - myometrium - smooth muscle
-90% of uterine wall

Inner - endometrium - thick mucosa

          - lamina propia - vascular CT
          - simple columnar 
          - 10% of uterine wall 

   *endometrium -> uterine glands -> secrete glycogen
47
Q

Endometrium

A

Stratum Basalis

 - > contracts myometrium 
 - > thinner, permanent

Stratum Functionalis

 - > faces lumen 
 - > thicker, shed + regrown once per month
48
Q

Stratum basalis

A

Fed by straight arteries

-> always open

49
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

Fed by spiral arteries

-> constrict/dilate in response to changing ovarian hormones

50
Q

Spiral arteries

A
  • when there is an increase in estrogen, stratum functionalis and it’s spiral arteries grow - proliferate
  • when there is an increase in progestins, stratum functionalis and spiral arteries dilate
  • when levels of progestins decrease, stratum functionalis and spiral arteries constrict -> stratum functionalis dies, sloughed off
51
Q

Ovarian + menstrual cycle

A

Concurrent, 28 day cycles in which changing levels of ovarian hormones cause uterine stratum functionalis to be alternately shed and regrown

Ovarian cycle —causes—> uterine cycle

52
Q

Ovarian cycle *see diagram

A

Hypothalamus
-secretes GNRH on->
(Day 1 - 1 spurt/60-90 min)

   Anterior Pituitary Gland 
      -secretes FSH on-> 
           Primordial follicles 

      -secretes LH on Graafian follicle 
          (stimulates ovulation**) 
Primordial cells after FSH 
  -turn into—> 
      Primary follicles 
          -secrete inhibin on anterior pituitary g.
               (inhibits FSH output) 
      - secretes estrogen 
        (est. stimulates more follicular growth)

Primary follicle —> secondary follicles

Secondary follicle 
     -secrete more estrogen 
       (more follicular growth)

Secondary follicle —> Graafian follicle (day 13)

Graafian follicle
-secretes tons o estrogen->
-increased estrogen causes
hypothalamus to increase frequency
of GNRH to (1 spurt/30 min) (day 13)

Increased estrogen also causes a blast of LH from the anterior pituitary gland on to the Graafian follicle which stimulates ovulation

->

       Corpus Luteum forms
           -> secretes progestins 
                 -increased progestin output 
                   inhibits GNRH release from the 
                   hypothalamus

Corpus Luteum lives two weeks, if not conception, it dies and becomes -> Corpus Albicans

.. next cycle

***when Corpus Luteum dies, it stops producing progestins, so inhibition of hypothalamus stops and it releases GNRH again

53
Q

Ovarian cycle phases

A

Day 1-14 -> Follicular Phase
-> increased estrogen

         -ovulation-

Day 14-28 -> Luteal phase
-> increased progesterone

If conception happens:

Oocyte —> embryo

embryo —> secretes human chorionic
gonadotropin

                    -> keeps the corpus luteum
                         alive + secretes progestins
                         for 2-3 months.. after -> 
                         placenta produces progestins
54
Q

Menstrual cycle *see diagram in notes

A

Uterine cycle

Mensis-> /7 days/ -> proliferative
—> ovulation -> secretory

Ovarian cycle

Follicular phases -> /ovulation (day 14) —
—> luteal

Mensis (1/2 of follicular)

  • decreases estrogen
  • decreases progestins
  • spiral arteries constrict
    - > stratum functionalis dies/sloughed off

Proliferative (1/2 of follicular)

  • increased estrogen
  • s functionalis regrows
  • uterine glands increase in number
  • cervical mucus thins out

Ovulation - day 14

Secretory phase (luteal phase)

  • increased progestins
  • spiral arteries dilate
  • stratum functionalis thickens
  • uterine glands secrete glycogen
  • cervical mucus plug forms
55
Q

Vagina

A

Histology

  • outer -> Aventitia - DFCT
  • mid -> smooth muscle - muscularis
  • inner -> mucosa
    - vascular CT - lamina propia
    - stratified squamous

Functions:

  • female copulatory organ
  • birth canal
  • outlet for menstrual flow

Vulva - see other notes*
- mons pubis - adipose tissue

AP 2 Reproductive System (3 decks)

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