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Epidemiology > Reporting Disease Occurence > Flashcards

Reporting Disease Occurence Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things make up the Epidemiologic Triangle?

A
  • Host
  • Environment
  • Agent
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2
Q

What does the Epidemiologic Triangle represent?

A
  • Traditional model of causation for dz.
  • whether or not a dz will occur in an individual
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3
Q

What 3 things determine the level of DZ in a population?

A
  • Individual factors
  • Spatial factors
  • Temporal factors

(who, when, where!)

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4
Q

How may we report the occurence of a DZ & it’s frequency? (4)

A
  • Onset in time
  • By time series analysis
  • Host related factors
  • Geographical location
  • Combo of above
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5
Q

Temporal Dimensions of Dz focus on what?

A

Whether or not a DZ is endemic, sporadic, epidemic or pandemic

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6
Q

How does an Endemic DZ occur?

(3)

A
  • occurs at expected frequency
  • present at all times
  • usually low & predictable levels
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7
Q

How does an Epidemic Dz occur?

(2)

A
  • occurs at greater than expected frequency
  • can be depicted graphically as epidemic curves
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8
Q

When does a Sporadic DZ occur?

(3)

A
  • single case or small cluster of cases
  • infrequently
  • irregular & unpredicatable
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9
Q

List the 3 basic Epidemic Curves.

A
  • Point Source Epidemic
  • Continous, Common Source Epidemic
  • Propagating Epidemic
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10
Q

What type of Epidemic Curve is this?

A

Point Source

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11
Q

List the characteristics of a

Point Source Epidemic Curve

A
  • Population is subjected to the same BRIEF exposure over a defined period of time (usually 1 intubation period)
  • Shape: rises rapidly, definite peak, followed by a decline
  • No new cases occur once the point source is removed
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12
Q

What type of Epidemic curve is this?

A

Continous, Common Source Epidemic

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13
Q

List the characteristics of a

Continous, Common Source Epidemic.

A
  • Prolonged exposure to the source over an extended period of time ( >1 intubation time)
  • Sharp down slope= common source removed
  • Gradual down slope= outbreak exhausts itself
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14
Q

What type of Epidemic curve is this?

A

Propagating Epidemic

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15
Q

______ epidemic occurs when a DZ is introduced through a single source and subsequently transmitted to others (2O cases)

A

Propagating Epidemic

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16
Q

What form of analysis uses information of patterns of DZ occurence obtained form temporal occurence?

A

Time Series Analysis

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17
Q

Purpose of Time Series Anaylsis?

A

ID persons of high or low risk so causal assocations can be explored

18
Q

3 trends that influence patterns of DZ occurence?

A
  • Short-term
  • Cyclical (+ seasonal)
  • Secular (long term)
19
Q

Trend Characteristics:

  • Rise & fall of a DZ over > 1 yr.
  • Regular, periodic fluctations in level of DZ occurence
A

Cyclical trends

20
Q

Trend Characteristics:

  • Special case of cyclical trend
  • periodic fluctuations in DZ incidence related to particular seasons
A

Seasonal Trends

21
Q

4 things that cause fluctuations in

Seasonal Trends?

A
  • host density
  • management practices
  • vectors
  • infectious agent survival
22
Q

Overall rise or decline in incidence occuring gradually over long periods of time

A

Secular Trend

23
Q
  • Describes the proportion of a population, initially free of the DZ of interest, that develops the DZ over a given period of time.
  • Refers to NEW cases of dz.
A

Incidence

24
Q

How do you calculate Incidence?

A

Per # of individuals

(unit of population expressed as whole #s & in smallest multiples of 10)

25
Q
  • Proportion of the population at a given time that have the factor of interest.
  • Expressed either as a proportion btwn 0-1, as a %, or as a # per unit of population at risk
A

Prevalence

26
Q

How do you calculate Prevalence?

A
27
Q

Which measure takes into account the duration of disease?

A

Incidence

28
Q

An important measure of the burden of DZ in the population & is useful in developing health policies

A

Prevalence

29
Q

What is the relationship between

Incidence & Prevalence?

A

Prevalence (P) = Incidence (I) x Duration of DZ (D)

P = I x D

30
Q

What can cause a change in Prevalence?

(3)

A

Changes in:

  • Incidence
  • Avg. Duration of DZ
  • Both Indicence & Duration of DZ
31
Q

Importance of Prevalence?

A
  • Existing cases of DZ
  • Indentify major DZ problems
  • Identify/evaluate control strategies
32
Q

2 Reasons to use Incidence?

A
  • predict population’s health status
  • Assess the probablility that an animal w/in a population at risk may develop the DZ of interest
33
Q

Purpose of Data Visualization (mapping)

& Data description?

A

Show the location of diseased animals w/in a defined geographical limit

34
Q

Purpose of Data modeling?

A

Test hypotheses & plan health policies

35
Q

Why is Cluster Analysis important?

A
  • Classifies dz basedon time:location clustering to exipidite prevention/control
  • Determine whether or not the dz warrants concern (epidemic)
36
Q

Purpose of an Epidemic Curve?

A

main way to identify the source of a dz.

37
Q

Key characteristics of a Sporadic Dz?

A
  • small # of cases
  • occurs rarely & w/o regularity
  • no secondary cases
38
Q

Incidence is usually expressed numerically in reference to what?

A

Population at risk

39
Q

How is prevalence expressed?

(3)

A
  • proportion btwn 0 & 1
  • a %
  • a unit of population at risk
40
Q

Prevalence does not take into account what?

A

Duration of the dz.

Epidemiology (6 decks)

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