Repition Flashcards
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Bloch and Starks Taxonomy of Countries
- The inner circle (USA, UK, Australia etc.)
- The outer circle (India, Singapore, Phillipines etc.)
- The dual circle (EU member countries)
- The expanding circle (Japan, China, Korea etc.)
- The business circle (Countries that use ELF e.g a Norwegian talking to an Italian)
Audience vs. listeners
The people you as a speaker actually can influence
Appeals forms
- Ethos - credibility of speaker
- Pathos - emotional –> appealing to emotions
- Logos - logical –> appealing through reasoning
Language in Hexagon
closely connected to speech acts, formality, politeness, terminology etc.
Toulmin
Argumentation: claim, support and warrant.
Speech acts
- expressive - speakers expresses feelings and attitudes
- informative - speaker tells somebody about something
- Directive - speaker orders somebody to do something
Speech acts - a way to get things done with language
E.g Man, its stuffy in here –> wants window opened
Hall
High vs. low context cultures
High-context culture
Messages are implicit and multilevel (e.g. Japan/Arab countries)
Low-context culture
Messages are spelled out fully, clearly and precisely (e..g German/Scandinavian)
Why would you use a analysis of the rhetorical situation?
The analysis outlines do’s and don’ts for the language user
Face
A public negotiators self image
What do you mean by negotiator? (face)
“well for example, everyone’s face can be modified…”
Positive Face
Wants to be part of the group
Negative Face
you want to keep your indepence - you don’t want to give up your individual freedom. You don’t want to be imposed on
Face Threatening vs. Face Saving Act
James spills a cup of coffee on kath, she says:
Face Threatening: JAMES YOU IDIOT YOU JUST SPILLED A WHOLE CUP OF COFFEE ON MY
Face saving: it’s okay James, i needed to wash these clothes anyway
Politeness
Negative politeness: Respecting another person’s negative face, e.g. Taps on clothes to search for pen
Positive politeness: being polite, normal language.
Socio-cultural competence
Communicator’s ability to manoeuvre between the social and cultural dimensions
Fons Trompenaars
Distinction between individualist or collectivist culture
Gesteland
Talks about “great divide” between business cultures –> Relationship-focused vs. Deal-focused
Indirect language vs. direct language
Japan vs. USA
Geert Hofstede
- Power Distance
- Masculinity/Feminimity
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Long-term/Short-term orientation to life
- Individualism/collectivism
- Indulgence (added in 2010)
Indulgence (Greece), Restraint (Germany)
Critique of Hofstede
- Identifies cultures based on the supposition that within a nation there is a uniform national culture.
- world changed greatly since findings
Inglehart
- Founding member of “World Value Survey Organistion” (WVS)
- Maps countries according to values
- Grouping countries according to similarity and differences
Cultural Intelligence (CQ)
An outsiders ability to interpret unfamiliar and ambiguous gestures –> Earley and Mosakowski
CQ is the interplay between the cognitive, the emotional and the behavioural dimensions –> Søderberg
Socio-cultural skills
The ability to communicate within the cultural premises of the foreign language, inter-cultural competence, linguistic and non-linguistic conventions.
- An area that covers the social skills and those cultural aspects that relate to behaviour towards others
- An area that covers the speaker’s background knowledge (world knowledge) and knowledge of the topic on hand
What does topoi/topos mean?
The term for the different angles and perspectives to an argument
Three categories of topoi. What are they?
Thematic topoi, Oppositional topoi, Topoi of evidence
Thematic topoi
Looking at different themes to generate proof
A list of thematic topoi that is usually useful:
- money aspect
- Environment
- Health
- Work
- Well-being
- Time
Oppositional topoi
Thinking of opposites: thinking of two topoi simultaneously each pointing in the exact opposite direction of each other
The objective: to generate proof
- Individual vs. society
- Change vs. tradition
- Quality vs. quantity
Topoi of evidence
When making use of external sources of evidence e.g. reports, statistics, expert testimony and personal experience
- investigations
- Experience
- General assumptions
Alliteration
Polly Pocket’s Pants
ELF
English as a Lingua franca
Medium of communication
