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Respiratory System > Repiratory System > Flashcards

Repiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Explain how cystic fibrosis affects physical respiratory health.

A
  • Thick, sticky mucus produced by lungs as a result of detective gene which restricts the air flow
  • Inflammation which further narrows the airways
  • Persistent coughing
  • Breathlessness
  • Repeated lung infections as bacteria multiplies in trapped air and mucus that makes symptoms above worse
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2
Q

Bill, aged 73 and a lifetime smoke has servers emphysema.

Explain the possible effects that emphysema is likely to have on Bill and his possible resultant care needs.

A
  • Results in the destruction of the alveoli of the lungs
  • Less surface area for gaseous exchange
  • less oxygen obtained by the body
  • insufficient for body’s demands resulting in laboured breathing
  • Lack of energy
  • immobile
  • Wheelchair
  • Stair lift
  • Oxygen cylinder
  • Requires care home
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3
Q

The function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen within the body.
Explain two ways that the structure of a red blood cell allows it to perform this function.

A
  • Shape (concave) increases surface area for uptake in oxygen
  • No nucleus leaves more room for haemoglobin so this is able to transport more oxygen
  • Full of haemoglobin- combines with oxygen
  • Small and flexible so this can get into small narrow capillaries nearer to body tissues
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4
Q

Which respiratory malfunction can be triggered by cigarette smoke or dust?

A

Asthma

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5
Q

Which respiratory malfunction can be caused by chemicals in cigarette smoke?

A

Emphysema.

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6
Q

Which respiratory malfunction can be caused by a defective gene?

A

Cystic fibrosis.

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7
Q

Which respiratory malfunction is mucus thicker than normal?

A

Cystic fibrosis.

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8
Q

Identify one respiratory malfunction.

A
  • Asthma
  • Emphysema
  • Cystic fibrosis
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9
Q

Evaluate the possible methods of monitoring and treatment available for the respiratory malfunction.

A

-Asthma
Regular checks with GP or an asthma nurse
Use of a preventer inhaler/awareness of triggers and avoidance/flu jab annually/exercise regularly as recommended/keep weight within healthy limits

-Emphysema
Treatment aims to stabilise the condition and prevent any complications
Chest x-ray/CT scan/lung function tests/inhalers
Oxygen therapy/quit smoking/healthy diet/avoid cold air

-Cystic fibrosis
No cure, but a range of treatments can help control symptoms
Regular appointments to monitor/antibiotics to prevent or treat chest infections/bronchodilators/ exercise/lung transplant

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10
Q

Explain how breathing takes place.

A

-Breathing in
Nervous messages are sent to diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Intercostal muscles contract raising the rib cage upwards and outwards
Diaphragm muscles contract moving in a downward direction

-Breathing out
Nervous impulse stops and diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
Rib cage springs down and in due to gravity
Diaphragm returns to its dome shaped position

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11
Q

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration of types of cellular respiration that take place inside cells to provide energy.
This is the reaction that takes place during aerobic respiration.

Glucose + oxygen —>carbon dioxide + water

Compare this reaction with the one that takes place during anaerobic respiration.

A

Similarities:

  • Glucose is used
  • ATP is produced

Differences:

  • Anaerobic produces lactic acid
  • Anaerobic does not produce carbon dioxide or water
  • Anaerobic respiration does not need oxygen
  • Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP
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12
Q

Identify two purposes of gaseous exchange.

A
  • To obtain oxygen by diffusion from air in alveoli to red blood cells in lung capillaries
  • To obtain oxygen for aerobic respiration and production of energy/ATP from glucose
  • To remove carbon dioxide by diffusion from plasma of lung capillaries to air in alveoli
  • To prevent acidic carbon dioxide from building up in blood and preventing cell activity
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13
Q

Identify one other chemical that is required for cellular respiration.

A

Glucose

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14
Q

Identify two products of cellular respiration.

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • ATP
  • Lactic acid
  • Energy
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15
Q

Samantha has asthma.

Describe what happens in the bronchi and bronchioles during an asthma attack.

A
  • Muscles in tubes constricting
  • Less airflow
  • Inflammation of tubes
  • Mucus is produced
  • Restricts the airflow
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16
Q

Mickey is a 13-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis.

Analyse the treatment and care that Mickey needs to support him in managing his condition.

A

Examples:

  • care plan
  • specific advice
  • medication to reduce mucus production
  • vaccinations to prevent infection
  • enzyme pills
  • physio
  • dietary advice

Analysis:

  • Needs will change with age and severity of condition
  • Treatment and prevention of lung problems
  • exercise supports health but must be monitored
  • Physiotherapy to clear lungs of mucus is time-consuming and unpleasant
17
Q

Describe possible treatments for cystic fibrosis.

A
  • Steroid treatment
  • physiotherapy
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Lung transplant
18
Q

Describe the possible treatment for emphysema.

A
  • Inhalers and/or nebulisers
  • Stop smoking
  • Long-term oxygen therapy
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation
  • Ambulatory oxygen therapy
19
Q

Explain the monitoring and treatment that will help Samantha to cope with her asthma.

A
  • Peak flow meters are used to measure rate of exhalation
  • Spirometry
  • Regular checkups
  • Treatment – reliever inhaler, preventer inhaler, steroids
20
Q

Certain triggers can increase the chance of an asthma attack.
Explain how Samantha could avoid these possible triggers.

A
  • Don’t smoke, avoid socialising with smokers.
  • Pollen -Keep windows close and stay indoors if possible during peak pollen periods
  • Household dust – clean house regularly
  • Air pollution – avoid going out if there are smog warnings
  • avoid pets
  • avoid going out if it’s very cold
21
Q

Describe possible treatment for asthma.

A
  • Preventative inhalers – used regularly – reduces swelling and inflammation
  • Identification of triggers – if caused by allergies desensitising injections may be used
  • Reliever inhalers
  • Both inhalers may be used with a spacer device
  • Nebulisers may be required if construction to great – gets the drugs deeper in lungs
22
Q

Analyse how cystic fibrosis impacts on daily life.

A
  • Restrict sporting activities
  • Restricted travelling opportunities
  • Frequent injections usually resulting in hospitalisation– disruption of -education/work
23
Q

Which part of the respiratory system covers the airways during swallowing to prevent food entering the lungs?

A

Epiglottis.

24
Q

Which part of the respiratory system produces speech.

A

Larynx.

25
Q

Which part of the respiratory system contains cartilage to keep the airways open even when lying down?

A

Trachea/bronchus

26
Q

Explain how air is moved in and out of the lungs.

A

Double pleural membranes are attached to both elasticated lungs and rib cage/diaphragm
Fluid between membranes causes membranes to stick together
Rib cage is raised by action of intercostal muscles and muscular diaphragm flattens membranes which pulls lungs out and up
This results in an increased volume of lungs
Air pressure inside lungs drops and so atmospheric air is drawn/sucked in
The muscle contraction then ceases
Rib cage falls back due to gravity and diaphragm recoils upwards
Volume of lungs decreases and air is forced out

27
Q

The organ of the body which adds oxygen to the blood is the lungs.
Describe how this happens.

A

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
Air entering the alveolus has relatively high oxygen concentration
Oxygen dissolves in thin moist layer
Defuses quickly across wall of alveolus and into capillary
Movement due to diffusion gradient
Oxygen attaches to haemoglobin in RBC
Blood leaving lungs in pulmonary vein has high oxygen and low carbon dioxide levels

Respiratory System (1 decks)

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