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SON-225 > Renals > Flashcards

Renals Flashcards

1
Q

Common Causes of hematuria

A

acute infection
urolithiasis
tumor

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2
Q

Uncommon causes of hematuria

A 
trauma, 
congenital anomaly, 
renal vein thrombosis, 
renal cyst, 
renal infarction, 
sickle cell disease, 
enlarged prostrate, 
unknown bleeding disorder
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3
Q

gross hematuria is:

A

visible blood in urine,

forms in the lower urinary tract

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4
Q

microscopic hematuria is:

A

Nonvisible blood in urine,

forms in the upper urinary tract

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5
Q

Patient’s risks for renal disease:

A 
Hx of smoking., 
Hx of occupational exposure to tixic chemicals and dyes, 
Older than 40 years,
Hx of prior UTS's
Symptoms of irratative voiding,
Prior Urinary tract disease
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6
Q

Size of normal kidneys

A

11cm x 7cm x 3cm

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7
Q

Three layers of the kidney are:

A

Outer layer: Gerotas facia (fibrous tissue, anchors kidney)
Middle Layer: Perinephric Capsule (adipose tissue, for protection)
Inner Layer: “True Layer (fibrous capsule protects from infection)

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8
Q

Clinical symptoms of urolithiasis:

A

renal colic (pain), N/V, fever, chills, painful urination, oliguria

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9
Q

Urolithiasis is also known as:

A

nephrolithiasis

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10
Q

Urolithiasis is more common in men or women?

A

men

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11
Q

The most common sites from obstruction due to urolithiasis is:

A

UPJ and UVJ

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12
Q

Lab findings of urolithiasis:

A

hematuria,
increased WBC count,
Bacteria in urine/ blood stream

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13
Q

What has the highest occurrence than any other urinary tract cancer?

A

malignant bladder neoplasms

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14
Q

Most common bladder cancer in the United States?

A

Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)

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15
Q

Bladder cancers are more common in men or women?

What age range?

A

Men

60-70 years old

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16
Q

Clinical symptoms of malignant bladder neoplasms:

A 
lower back pain, 
leg swelling, 
suprapubic pain, 
dysuria, 
frequent urination, little passed, 
blood/ blood clots in urine
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17
Q

Sonographic findings of malignant bladder neoplasms:

A 
varies per cancer, 
usually echogenic, 
irregularly shaped, 
hypovascular, 
superficial in trigone
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18
Q

Other names for renal cell carcinoma

A

hypernephroma,

adenocarcinoma,

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19
Q

RCC is more common in men or women,

age range?

A

Men,

60-70

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20
Q

Risk factors for RCC?

A

Smoking, Obesity, Hypertension, chemical exposure, long-term dialysis, Von-Hippel Lindau disease

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21
Q

Clinical Signs of RCC/

A

hematuria, palpable mass, flank pain, weight loss, fever, hypertension

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22
Q

More than % of RCC is detected incidentally?

A

50%

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23
Q

Sonographic findings of TCC:

A

bulky hypoechoic mass in bladder

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24
Q

Most common bladder cancer world wide:

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

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25
Q

Bladder cancer that is associated with persistant inflammation: (foleys, bladder stones, infections)

A

SCC

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26
Q

Where is an angiomyolipoma commonly located?

A

renal cortex

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27
Q

What is a benign, rare, renal epithelial mass?

A

oncocytoma

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28
Q

Oncocytoma is more common in men or women?

A

Men

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29
Q

Sonographic findings of oncocytoma:

A

similar findings to RCC, echogenic central scar, well defined, homogeneous, iso-hypoechoic, color doppler shows central radiating vessels

30
Q

Where is a renal hemangioma located?

A

pelvocalyceal junction or inner medulla

31
Q

Renal failure is when:

A

the kidneys are no longer able to remove waste products from the blood stream

32
Q

Symptoms of renal failure:

A

nonspecific (early), flank pain, N/V, anemia, headaches, polyuria, oliguria, anuria,

33
Q

Causes of renal failure:

A

obstruction of urine flow, hydro, acute glomerulonephritis, papillary necrosis, prenal artery stenosis, acute tubular necrosis, various renal infections

34
Q

Hydronephrosis is:

A

renal collecting in one or both kidneys is dilated from obstruction of urine outflow

35
Q

Causes of hydro:

A

stones, tumor, infection, prior obstruction, over distended bladder, anatomic/congenital anomalies, pregnancy

36
Q

symptoms of hydro:

A

asymptomatic, pain in kidney region, infection, N/V, fever chills, dysuria, uremia, micro hematuria

37
Q

Sonographic findings of hydro:

A

renal enlargement, anechoic fluid filled spaces in sinus, manifests with slight distention of the collecting system, “Bear-claw” effect

38
Q

What is acute glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli that frequently occurs as a late complication of an infection

39
Q

More common in males or females?

More common in adults or peds?

A

Males,

Peds

40
Q

Chronic glomerulonephritis requires what for patient survival?

A

long term dialysis or kidney transplant

41
Q

Symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis

A

foggy urine, oliguria, recent fever, anemia, sore throat, azotemia, joint pains, peripheral edema, nausea, hypertension

42
Q

Sonographic findings of gloumerulonephritis

A

may not have any differentiating features, irregular cortical echo pattern, acute (bil;ateral renal enlargement), chronic (small, smooth kidneys)

43
Q

What is papillary necrosis?

A

When medullary vasculature is compressed with inflammation (rounded tips at the apex of each pyramid)

44
Q

Papillary necrosis is more common in:

A

diabetics and women

45
Q

Focal papillary necrosis occurs at:

A

only the tip of the papilla

46
Q

Diffuse papillary necrosis occurs at:

A

the whole papilla and medulla

47
Q

Sonographic findings of papillary necrosis:

A

clubbing of calyces, hydro, round or triangular cyctic collections present, shadowing if papillae calcify

48
Q

Recovery of acute renal failure depends on

A

restoration of normal blood flow

49
Q

symptoms of ARF

A

hypovolemia, hypertension, edems, oliguria, hematuria

50
Q

sonographic findings of AFR

A

normal sized or enlarged kidneys, more echogenic than liver

51
Q

Stages of ARF:

A

Prerenal: hypoperfusion of the kidney
Renal: parenchymal diseases
Post renal: obstruction (reversible)

52
Q

Chronic renal disease is

A

end stage renal disease

53
Q

causes of Chronic renal disease

A

infection, diabetes, hypertensive vascular disease, congenital/ hereditary disorders,toxic nephropathy, obstructive nephropathy, gloumerulonephritis, intersitial nephritis, chronic UTI

54
Q

most common cause of chronic renal disease

A

diabetes

55
Q

Sonographic findings of chronic renal disease (failure)

A

small, echogenic kidneys

56
Q

Common cause of renovascular hypertension

A

renal artery stenosis

57
Q

common cause of renal artery stenosis in older patients:

A

atherosclerosis

58
Q

Sonographic findings in renal artery stenosis:

A

asymmetry in size of kidneys,

59
Q

Acute tubular necrosis results from:

A

lack of blood being supplied to the kidneys

60
Q

Causes of acute tubular necorsis

A

trauma, surgery, hypotension, deposit of cellular debris within the renal collecting tubules,

61
Q

Sonographic findings of acute tubular necorsis

A

depends on cause, echogenic enlarged kidneys when drugs are cause, bilateral renal enlargement, enlarged pyramids

62
Q

general term of inflammation of the kidney:

A

nephritis

63
Q

pyonephritis is:

A

distention of the renal collecting system with pus or infected urine

64
Q

pyonephrosis vs pyleonephritis, which one has hydro

A

pyonephrosis (pyo=hydro)

65
Q

Pyleonephritis is:

A

an inflammation of the renal collecting system and renal parenchyma, particullarly from local bacterial infection

66
Q

Emphysematous pyelonephritis is:

A

uncommon, severe, life threatening infection, that results in gas formation in the renal parenchyma

67
Q

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is:

A

serious, long term, debilitating illness characterized by an infection in the renal phlegmon. Unilateral, long term obstruction and infection

68
Q

Sonographic findings of renal abscess:

A

ill-defined mass with low level internal echoes, mobile debris, gas with dirty shadowing, septations, thick-walled, hypoechoic complex cyctic mass,

69
Q

symptoms of renal abscess:

A

intense pain, palpable flank mass, fever, chills, dysuria, fatigue, N/V, weight loss, recent urinary tract infection, renal calculi

70
Q

Symptoms of a renal fungal infections:

A

found in PTs with diabetes, IV drug use, immune and hematopoietic disorders, indwelling catheters, malignant disease

71
Q

Sonographic findings of renal fungal infections:

A

medium echogenicity, nonshadowing, mobile defect within the renal collecting system, small hypoechoic parenchymal mass

SON-225 (1 decks)

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