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SON-225 > Renals > Flashcards

Renals Flashcards

1
Q

Common Causes of hematuria

A

acute infection
urolithiasis
tumor

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2
Q

Uncommon causes of hematuria

A 
trauma, 
congenital anomaly, 
renal vein thrombosis, 
renal cyst, 
renal infarction, 
sickle cell disease, 
enlarged prostrate, 
unknown bleeding disorder
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3
Q

gross hematuria is:

A

visible blood in urine,

forms in the lower urinary tract

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4
Q

microscopic hematuria is:

A

Nonvisible blood in urine,

forms in the upper urinary tract

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5
Q

Patient’s risks for renal disease:

A 
Hx of smoking., 
Hx of occupational exposure to tixic chemicals and dyes, 
Older than 40 years,
Hx of prior UTS's
Symptoms of irratative voiding,
Prior Urinary tract disease
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6
Q

Size of normal kidneys

A

11cm x 7cm x 3cm

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7
Q

Three layers of the kidney are:

A

Outer layer: Gerotas facia (fibrous tissue, anchors kidney)
Middle Layer: Perinephric Capsule (adipose tissue, for protection)
Inner Layer: “True Layer (fibrous capsule protects from infection)

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8
Q

Clinical symptoms of urolithiasis:

A

renal colic (pain), N/V, fever, chills, painful urination, oliguria

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9
Q

Urolithiasis is also known as:

A

nephrolithiasis

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10
Q

Urolithiasis is more common in men or women?

A

men

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11
Q

The most common sites from obstruction due to urolithiasis is:

A

UPJ and UVJ

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12
Q

Lab findings of urolithiasis:

A

hematuria,
increased WBC count,
Bacteria in urine/ blood stream

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13
Q

What has the highest occurrence than any other urinary tract cancer?

A

malignant bladder neoplasms

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14
Q

Most common bladder cancer in the United States?

A

Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)

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15
Q

Bladder cancers are more common in men or women?

What age range?

A

Men

60-70 years old

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16
Q

Clinical symptoms of malignant bladder neoplasms:

A 
lower back pain, 
leg swelling, 
suprapubic pain, 
dysuria, 
frequent urination, little passed, 
blood/ blood clots in urine
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17
Q

Sonographic findings of malignant bladder neoplasms:

A 
varies per cancer, 
usually echogenic, 
irregularly shaped, 
hypovascular, 
superficial in trigone
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18
Q

Other names for renal cell carcinoma

A

hypernephroma,

adenocarcinoma,

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19
Q

RCC is more common in men or women,

age range?

A

Men,

60-70

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20
Q

Risk factors for RCC?

A

Smoking, Obesity, Hypertension, chemical exposure, long-term dialysis, Von-Hippel Lindau disease

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21
Q

Clinical Signs of RCC/

A

hematuria, palpable mass, flank pain, weight loss, fever, hypertension

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22
Q

More than % of RCC is detected incidentally?

A

50%

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23
Q

Sonographic findings of TCC:

A

bulky hypoechoic mass in bladder

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24
Q

Most common bladder cancer world wide:

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

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25
Bladder cancer that is associated with persistant inflammation: (foleys, bladder stones, infections)
SCC
26
Where is an angiomyolipoma commonly located?
renal cortex
27
What is a benign, rare, renal epithelial mass?
oncocytoma
28
Oncocytoma is more common in men or women?
Men
29
Sonographic findings of oncocytoma:
similar findings to RCC, echogenic central scar, well defined, homogeneous, iso-hypoechoic, color doppler shows central radiating vessels
30
Where is a renal hemangioma located?
pelvocalyceal junction or inner medulla
31
Renal failure is when:
the kidneys are no longer able to remove waste products from the blood stream
32
Symptoms of renal failure:
nonspecific (early), flank pain, N/V, anemia, headaches, polyuria, oliguria, anuria,
33
Causes of renal failure:
obstruction of urine flow, hydro, acute glomerulonephritis, papillary necrosis, prenal artery stenosis, acute tubular necrosis, various renal infections
34
Hydronephrosis is:
renal collecting in one or both kidneys is dilated from obstruction of urine outflow
35
Causes of hydro:
stones, tumor, infection, prior obstruction, over distended bladder, anatomic/congenital anomalies, pregnancy
36
symptoms of hydro:
asymptomatic, pain in kidney region, infection, N/V, fever chills, dysuria, uremia, micro hematuria
37
Sonographic findings of hydro:
renal enlargement, anechoic fluid filled spaces in sinus, manifests with slight distention of the collecting system, "Bear-claw" effect
38
What is acute glomerulonephritis?
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli that frequently occurs as a late complication of an infection
39
More common in males or females? | More common in adults or peds?
Males, | Peds
40
Chronic glomerulonephritis requires what for patient survival?
long term dialysis or kidney transplant
41
Symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis
foggy urine, oliguria, recent fever, anemia, sore throat, azotemia, joint pains, peripheral edema, nausea, hypertension
42
Sonographic findings of gloumerulonephritis
may not have any differentiating features, irregular cortical echo pattern, acute (bil;ateral renal enlargement), chronic (small, smooth kidneys)
43
What is papillary necrosis?
When medullary vasculature is compressed with inflammation (rounded tips at the apex of each pyramid)
44
Papillary necrosis is more common in:
diabetics and women
45
Focal papillary necrosis occurs at:
only the tip of the papilla
46
Diffuse papillary necrosis occurs at:
the whole papilla and medulla
47
Sonographic findings of papillary necrosis:
clubbing of calyces, hydro, round or triangular cyctic collections present, shadowing if papillae calcify
48
Recovery of acute renal failure depends on
restoration of normal blood flow
49
symptoms of ARF
hypovolemia, hypertension, edems, oliguria, hematuria
50
sonographic findings of AFR
normal sized or enlarged kidneys, more echogenic than liver
51
Stages of ARF:
Prerenal: hypoperfusion of the kidney Renal: parenchymal diseases Post renal: obstruction (reversible)
52
Chronic renal disease is
end stage renal disease
53
causes of Chronic renal disease
infection, diabetes, hypertensive vascular disease, congenital/ hereditary disorders,toxic nephropathy, obstructive nephropathy, gloumerulonephritis, intersitial nephritis, chronic UTI
54
most common cause of chronic renal disease
diabetes
55
Sonographic findings of chronic renal disease (failure)
small, echogenic kidneys
56
Common cause of renovascular hypertension
renal artery stenosis
57
common cause of renal artery stenosis in older patients:
atherosclerosis
58
Sonographic findings in renal artery stenosis:
asymmetry in size of kidneys,
59
Acute tubular necrosis results from:
lack of blood being supplied to the kidneys
60
Causes of acute tubular necorsis
trauma, surgery, hypotension, deposit of cellular debris within the renal collecting tubules,
61
Sonographic findings of acute tubular necorsis
depends on cause, echogenic enlarged kidneys when drugs are cause, bilateral renal enlargement, enlarged pyramids
62
general term of inflammation of the kidney:
nephritis
63
pyonephritis is:
distention of the renal collecting system with pus or infected urine
64
pyonephrosis vs pyleonephritis, which one has hydro
pyonephrosis (pyo=hydro)
65
Pyleonephritis is:
an inflammation of the renal collecting system and renal parenchyma, particullarly from local bacterial infection
66
Emphysematous pyelonephritis is:
uncommon, severe, life threatening infection, that results in gas formation in the renal parenchyma
67
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is:
serious, long term, debilitating illness characterized by an infection in the renal phlegmon. Unilateral, long term obstruction and infection
68
Sonographic findings of renal abscess:
ill-defined mass with low level internal echoes, mobile debris, gas with dirty shadowing, septations, thick-walled, hypoechoic complex cyctic mass,
69
symptoms of renal abscess:
intense pain, palpable flank mass, fever, chills, dysuria, fatigue, N/V, weight loss, recent urinary tract infection, renal calculi
70
Symptoms of a renal fungal infections:
found in PTs with diabetes, IV drug use, immune and hematopoietic disorders, indwelling catheters, malignant disease
71
Sonographic findings of renal fungal infections:
medium echogenicity, nonshadowing, mobile defect within the renal collecting system, small hypoechoic parenchymal mass

SON-225 (1 decks)

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