Renal_Medicine & Surgery Flashcards
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - def? Sx? Ix? Mx?
Def: slowly progressive hyperplasia of periurethral (transition) zone of prostate gland –> urinary outflow obstruction
- Common - occuring primarily in elderly men
Sx: lower urinary tract symptoms (FUND HIPS)
Ix: urinalysis (UTI), PSA (cancer) ± US/CT (abdo/pelvis)/cystoscopy
Mx:
- Acute retention = CATHETERISE
- Conservative - watchful waiting
- Medical:
- Alpha-blocker (relax sm muscle around prostatic urethra) e.g. tamsulosin
- 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor (reduce conversion of testosterone –> dihydrotestosterone - reducing androgenic stimulation of prostate) e.g. finasteride
- Surgical: TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate - shave extra prostate), open prostatectomy
- NOTE: TURP not curative - will continue to grow
Urinary tract calculi - def? presentation? Stone types? Ix? Mx? When to ADMIT/what to do if managed @home?
Def: crystal deposition within the urinary tract
Presentation: severe loin to groin pain (ureteric colic - starts around back and moves towards groin)
Stone types:
- Ca oxalate (80%)
- Mg Ammonium Phosphate (struvite) - likely staghorn calculi
- Associated with proteus mirabilis inf
- Urate
- Cysteine
Ix:
- Bedside - urine dip (microscopic haematuria)
- Bloods - U&E (post-renal AKI)
- Imaging - gold standard non-contrast CT KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)
- Contrast is excreted by kidneys - looking for bright white light of Ca –> if you give contrast it will mask the finding
Mx:
- Infected & obstructed = pyonephrosis –> URGENT decompression via NEPHROSTOMY (or retrograde w/ JJ stent)
- Opening between kidney & skin w/ nephrostomy bag for external collection
- Nephro (kidney) stomy (opening)
- <5mm (on CT) - allow spontaneous passing, retain stone for analysis
- >5mm (on CT):
-
Ureteroscopic lithotripsy - endoscope into ureter & using mechanical force/laser to destroy stone
- Uretero (through ureter) scopic (camera) Litho (stone) tripsy (crush)
-
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy - external USS to destroy stone
- Extra (outside) corporeal (body) shockwave (USS) Lithtripsy (crushing stone)
-
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy - ONLY if stone in kidney (e.g. staghorn calculi), extract stone through skin in back
- Percutaneous (through skin) Nephro (kidney) lith (stone) otomy (cutting)
-
Ureteroscopic lithotripsy - endoscope into ureter & using mechanical force/laser to destroy stone
When to ADMIT:
- Pain not controlled
- Significantly impaired renal function
- Single kidney
- Pyrexia/sepsis
- Stone >5mm
If managed at home:
- High fluid intake + return if pain worsening/develop temperature
- OPA in 4 weeks with CT-KUB on arrival –> if stone still present need lithotripsy/nephrolithotomy
Scrotal masses - ddx?
DDx:
-
Testicular torsion - EMERGENCY & TIME-URGENT
- Elevated testis, loss of cremasteric reflex, very tender
- Tx: bilateral orchidopexy (orchidectomy - if necrotic)
-
Can you feel above swelling?
- YES - swelling separate from testis?
- YES - Epididymal cyst OR Varicocele
- NO - Tender?
- YES - Epididymo-orchitis
- NO - Hydrocele OR Tumour
- NO - Inguinal hernia
- YES - swelling separate from testis?
Hydrocele - def? Ix?
Def: collection of fluid in tunica vaginalis
Ix: US, testicular tumour markers (AFP & bHCG - secreted by tumour, LDH - necrosis), urine culture (inf)
Causes: idiopathic, inf, trauma, tumour
Varicocele - def? What side is more common? What is it associated with x2? How can I reduce swelling?
Def: distended veins of pampiniform plexus
Key points:
- More common on left (the way left testicular vein drains into left renal vein)
- Assoc w/ infertility, renal cancer
- Swelling may reduce when lying down
Testicular cancer - Epidemiology & mets? Ix? Mx?
Epidemiology & mets:
- Mets to para-aortic LNs
- Most common malignancy in males 20-40yrs
Ix:
- Blood testicular tumour markers: alpha-fetoprotein, beta-hCG, LDH (necrosis, others secreted by tumour itself)
- Testicular US –> CT-CAP for staging (would likely do orchidectomy before CT)
- Urine dip (look for infection) –> culture
Mx:
- Orchidectomy – take inguinal approach (scrotal approach risks mets and inguinal is coming out the same way the testicle drops) - only time would not do this first is when respiratory compromise then would do chemo first
- BEP chemotherapy follow-up = very good response typically
- Very good prognosis - good/intermediate prognosis groups have >90% 5-yr survival
Bladder cancer - presentation? Ix? Mx?
Most common = transitional cell carcinoma (urothelial)
Presentation:
- Painless visible haematuria (or asymptomatic non-visible haematuria)
- Irrigative LUTS (urgency, suprapubic pain)
- Recurrent UTIs
- Pain, weight loss, lymphoedema
Ix:
- Initial:
- Urine dip (blood, leucocytes)
- MC&S (use MSU - RBCs & WBCs, no bacterial growth)
- Bloods - FBC
- Flexible cystoscopy (lower urinary tract) + CT-urogram (upper urinary track if visible haematuria –> if non-visible low-risk use US)
- Dx & staging = Transurethral Bladder Tumour Resection (TURBT) - resects full tumour + histology
- Intravesical therapy:
- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instilled into bladder –> reduces superficial bladder cancer recurrence (causes immune response to remaining tumour cells, same substance as in BCG vaccine)
- Mitomycin - cytotoxic chemo agent
- Intravesical therapy:
Mx: 2wk wait urology
- Muscle invasive = cystectomy (young people) or radiotherapy/chemotherapy (older)
- Superficial = surveillance cystoscopies, intravesical chemo
- Mets = systemic therapy
AD Polycystic Kidney Disease (PCK)
Presentation? Associations? Screening?
Presentation: HTN, abdo discomfort, blood in urine, FHx of IC haemorrhage
- Cysts in kidneys prod renin –> HTN
- Space occupying masses in abdo (renal/liver cysts)
- Can bleed into cysts –> blood in urine
Associations:
- Hepatic cysts
- Berry aneurysms –> risk of ICH
- Mitral valve prolapse
Family screening - renal USS
Testicular torsion - presentation? Tx?
Presentation: sudden-onset pain, high fixed position, absent cremasteric reflex
Tx: bilateral orchidopexy (both sides as increased risk of torsion in the other side)
What is paraphimosis? Causes? Pathophysiology? Mx?
Paraphimosis def: unable to pull back the foreskin
Causes: tight foreskin (phimosis), a complication of urinary catheter (always remember to replace foreskin after withdrawing for catheter insertion)
Pathophysiology: constrictive effect of foreskin –> oedema of distal penis –> ischaemia/necrosis (if severe)
Mx: UROLOGICAL EMERGENCY - must be reduced ASAP
- Reduce with - Lubricating jelly OR dextrose-soaked gauze
- If difficult - needle used to make small holes in penis –> drainage of oedema
Prostate cancer - Ix? Mx?
Ix:
- PR exam, PSA
- FBC, U&E, LFTs
- Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided needle biopsy
- Gleason score = PC grading
- TNM staging
- Multiparametric MRI
Mx: surgery/radiotherapy
- Radial prostatectomy ± LN dissection
- External beam radiotherapy/brachytherapy
- Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT)
Urinary incontinence - types & Tx?
Stress-incontinence (leak on laugh/cough):
- Pelvic muscle exercises
- Pseudoephedrine (2nd - Duloxetine)
- Retropubic suspension/colposuspension
Urge-incontinence (preceded by the urge to pass urine):
- Bladder retraining
- Anticholinergic e.g. Oxybutynin (not if >80yrs), Tolterodine
Overactive bladder syndrome (urge but not incontinence - increased freq + nocturia): same as urge incontinence