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Uro and Renal > Renal Year 3 > Flashcards

Renal Year 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Nephrotic

A

Proteinuria due to podocyte pathology

> 3.5g proteinuria
Oedema
Serum albumin < 30

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2
Q

Markers in microscopic polyangiitis

A

pANCA, MPO antibody

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3
Q

Markers in granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A

cANCA, PR3

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4
Q

Nephritic

A

Haematuria due to inflammation

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5
Q

Antibody in membranous glomerulonephritis

A

anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodyb

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6
Q

Complications of polycystic kidneys

A

intracranial aneurysms
hypertension
mitral valve prolapse
colonic diverticular disease

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7
Q

Emerging treatment in polycystic kidney

A

Vasopressin V2 antagonists - Tolvaptan

cause decrease in kidney volume and delay onset

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8
Q

Alport syndrome

A

X linked condition which causes abnormalities in collagen IV

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9
Q

Fabry’s disease

A

X linked lysosomal storage disorder due to deficiency of alpha galactosidase enzyme
- accumulation of Gb3 - accumulates in glomeruli

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10
Q

How to SGLT2 inhibitors decrease renal BP?

A

inhibit reabsorption of Na and glucose in PCT
decreased delivery of Na to juxta glomerular apparatus
less renin and angiotensin released
vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

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11
Q

AA Amyloid

A

chronic inflammation eg. TB

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12
Q

AL Amyloid

A

light chains in myeloma

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13
Q

Mechanism features of diabetic nephropathy

A

hyperglycaemia causes increased GF’s, AGE’s, RAS activation and oxidative stress

  • hypertension and increased glomerular capillary pressure
  • mesangial cell expansion
  • golmerulosclerosis
  • hyperfiltration
  • basement membrane thickening
  • effacement of podocytes
  • inflammation
  • tubulointerstitial fibrosis
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14
Q

wot is gleason grading

A

based on the extent to which prostate tumour cells are arranged into recognisably glandular structures

  • measure of differentiation of adenocarcinoma
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15
Q

Most popular type of prostate cancer

A

adenocarcinoma from peripheral zone

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16
Q

Function of PSA

A

liquefaction of coagulated semen

17
Q

Most common form of bladder cancer

A

transitional cell carcinoma

18
Q

Risk factors of bladder cancer

A
  • carcinogen exposure -> aromatic amines
  • smoking
  • chronic inflammation -> LT catheter, stones, chronic infection
  • pelvic radiotherapy
  • family history
19
Q

Bladder staging

A 
Ta: epithelium
T1: submucosa
T2: invades muscle
T3: invades fat
T4: invades organs
20
Q

Bladder cancer management

A

cystoscopy - diathermy
TURBT
post BCG or mitomycin

if T2/3 - radical cystectomy

21
Q

Where is bladder cancer going to metastasise to?

A

Pulmonary

treat with M-VAC

22
Q

Most common type of renal cancer and where does it come from

A

renal cell carcinoma

proximal renal tubular epithelium

23
Q

Risk factors for renal cancer

A

smoking, obesity, HT
renal cystic disease
haemodialysis

24
Q

Risk factors for testicular cancer

A

cryptorchidism
HIV
infant hernia
age 20-45

25
Q

Serious complication of prostate cancer

A

spinal cord compression
- urinary retention, constipation, back pain, limb weakness \

  • decompression surgery
26
Q

3 consent principles

4 things to include when describing procedure

A
  • voluntary
  • informed
  • capacity
  • risks and benefits
  • alternatives
  • consequences
27
Q

Hyperkalaemia treatment

A

IV calcium chloride and gluconate

IV insulin

28
Q

top 3 Most common causative organisms of pyelonephritis

A

e.coli
klebsiella pneumoniae
proteus mirabilias

29
Q

Antibiotics for pyelonephritis

A

trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, co-amoxiclav

30
Q

Top 3 organisms UTI

A

e.coli
klebsiella pneumoniae
staph saprophyticus

also proteus mirabilias

31
Q

ABX UTI

A

trimethoprim

nitrofurantoin (ASOC IPF)

32
Q

Causes of sterile pyuria

A

recent antibiotics, tumour, TB, recent catheter, preg.

33
Q

Causes of prostasis

A

e.coli, s.faecialis

34
Q

Causes of orchitis

A

VIRAL -mumps

35
Q

Complications of dialysis

A 
increased risk renal cell carcinoma
hypotension
dialysis equlibirum (between cerebral and blood solutes)
air embolism
access- infection, tunnelled line
36
Q

Complications CKD

A

anaemia
azotaemia
secondary hyperparathyroidism
hyperkalaemia

37
Q

Prescribing in renal disease

A

lower dose of LMWH and ABX

avoid metformin and NSAIDs

reduce dose of phenytoin and digoxin

Uro and Renal (3 decks)

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