Renal Year 3 Flashcards
Nephrotic
Proteinuria due to podocyte pathology
> 3.5g proteinuria
Oedema
Serum albumin < 30
Markers in microscopic polyangiitis
pANCA, MPO antibody
Markers in granulomatosis with polyangiitis
cANCA, PR3
Nephritic
Haematuria due to inflammation
Antibody in membranous glomerulonephritis
anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodyb
Complications of polycystic kidneys
intracranial aneurysms
hypertension
mitral valve prolapse
colonic diverticular disease
Emerging treatment in polycystic kidney
Vasopressin V2 antagonists - Tolvaptan
cause decrease in kidney volume and delay onset
Alport syndrome
X linked condition which causes abnormalities in collagen IV
Fabry’s disease
X linked lysosomal storage disorder due to deficiency of alpha galactosidase enzyme
- accumulation of Gb3 - accumulates in glomeruli
How to SGLT2 inhibitors decrease renal BP?
inhibit reabsorption of Na and glucose in PCT
decreased delivery of Na to juxta glomerular apparatus
less renin and angiotensin released
vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole
AA Amyloid
chronic inflammation eg. TB
AL Amyloid
light chains in myeloma
Mechanism features of diabetic nephropathy
hyperglycaemia causes increased GF’s, AGE’s, RAS activation and oxidative stress
- hypertension and increased glomerular capillary pressure
- mesangial cell expansion
- golmerulosclerosis
- hyperfiltration
- basement membrane thickening
- effacement of podocytes
- inflammation
- tubulointerstitial fibrosis
wot is gleason grading
based on the extent to which prostate tumour cells are arranged into recognisably glandular structures
- measure of differentiation of adenocarcinoma
Most popular type of prostate cancer
adenocarcinoma from peripheral zone
Function of PSA
liquefaction of coagulated semen
Most common form of bladder cancer
transitional cell carcinoma
Risk factors of bladder cancer
- carcinogen exposure -> aromatic amines
- smoking
- chronic inflammation -> LT catheter, stones, chronic infection
- pelvic radiotherapy
- family history
Bladder staging
Ta: epithelium T1: submucosa T2: invades muscle T3: invades fat T4: invades organs
Bladder cancer management
cystoscopy - diathermy
TURBT
post BCG or mitomycin
if T2/3 - radical cystectomy
Where is bladder cancer going to metastasise to?
Pulmonary
treat with M-VAC
Most common type of renal cancer and where does it come from
renal cell carcinoma
proximal renal tubular epithelium
Risk factors for renal cancer
smoking, obesity, HT
renal cystic disease
haemodialysis
Risk factors for testicular cancer
cryptorchidism
HIV
infant hernia
age 20-45
