RENAL/URINARY SYSTEM

Question 1

Function of Renal System

Answer 1

• Renal refers to kidneys
• Removal wastes:
• Through protein metabolism nitrogenous waste(Urea)–> forms and expels urine which is involved in the removal of waste from the body.
• Acids(excrete H+) Maintain the pH of the blood
• Creatinine( Higher muscle mass/activity)
• RBC breakdown (120 days life span, heme converts to bilirubin and there’s yellow coloring that it gets converted to Urobilinogen
• Neurotransmitter ( products, ACh has to be broken down to acetate and choline
• Drug metabolism( excreted, detoxify the blood
• Salts and H2O
• Fluid Volume Regulation:
• related to controlling the parameters of the blood (regulates water excretion and reabsorption to maintain an appropriate fluid volume)
• Fluid composition regulation:
• electrolytes(Na+,K+), coupling through salt movements for secreting sweat. ( through filtration, secretion, and reabsorption_

Question 2

Renal system support in Homeostasis

Answer 2

The urinary system maintains an appropriate fluid volume by regulating the amount of water that is excreted in the urine. Other aspects of its function include regulating the concentrations of various electrolytes in the body fluids and maintaining the normal pH of the blood.

In addition to maintaining fluid homeostasis in the body, the urinary system controls red blood cell production by secreting the hormone erythropoietin. The urinary system also plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure by secreting the enzyme renin.

Question 3

Factors influencing urine

Answer 3

• Alcohol (increases)
• Caffeine(increase urine production)
• Exercise( Decrease), don’t need to send blood to the kidney as much
• Food (H2O increase)
• Fluid intake( increase)
• Heat ( decrease)
• Sleep (decrease, not as much metabolic activity).

Question 4

Other functions of Renal system

Answer 4

• Final step in activation of Vitamin D which makes Vitamin D have its effect
• Erythropoietin
• blood volume and blood pressure which the kidney can control.

Question 5

Components of Renal

Answer 5

• Salt
• Water
• Left and right kidneys
• ureters (right and left)
• Urinary bladder( storage tanks)
• Urethra( urine passes and gets into the external environment.

Question 6

Role of Components of Renal

Answer 6

• Kidneys filters 180 L of water and only excrete 1.5 liters, so if it does this it had to reabsorb 178.7 liters so 99.2% gets filtered.
• does this for sodium, bicarbonate, chloride ( in the table shown.
• 2-3 pounds per day gets filtered.

Question 7

Location of Kidney

Answer 7

• retroperitoneal cavity, sits right behind the peritoneal cavity

Question 8

Structure of Kidney

Answer 8

• renal capsule
• renal cortex (outer portion)
• medulla(center portion)
• renal artery(brings blood in)
• Renal veins(blood out into the heart.
• receive 20-25 percent of cardiac output but it’s less than 1% of body weight.
• Nephron (Function unit of the kidney)

Question 9

Process of Micturition

Answer 9

• Emptying the bladder
• ## both involve involuntary and voluntary control

Question 10

Conscious and Autonomic control (nervous)

Answer 10

• The bladder sense stretch, when the bladder is half full
• After the stretch, you get a signal sent out through these sensory neurons and these neurons will activate neurons that are in the spinal cord.
• Also send a conscious sensation, that we have to urinate “urge” so it going to send up to the pon then cerebral cortex
• This reflex involves the Parasympathetic NS stim bladder contraction and sphincter relaxation.

Question 11

Conscious and Autonomic control (urinary system)

Answer 11

• Internal urethral sphincter is autonomic control with smooth muscle
• External urethral Sphincter is voluntary control with skeletal muscle

Question 12

Urinary Incontinence

Answer 12

• Involuntary leakage of urine (bladder is too full)
• There is some kind of blockage in urethra as well
• three stages : Overflows, stress, and urge.
• Overflow: We get get benign and it gets larger and its not cancer and it cuts off the urethra and there’s this blockage and if you can’t empty out it overflows. an the more it does this the more urge there is contractions to activate those stretch receptors and it will contract, The detrusor muscle will contract and you’ll get some leakage of urine
• Stress: Physical stress, this manifests as the pressure that gets put into the bladder itself, so you can have increased abdominal pressure due to number of reasons such as a cough or sneeze they are activating muscles in the abdomen in order to compress the cavity and when you do you put pressure on the urinary bladder and it will try to leak out as it presses on there
• Urge: Has to do with the sensory receptors so the stretch receptors are overactive and they send signals to the central nervous system so it could be due to some infections or damaged through inflammation that damages these sensory receptors

Question 13

Key components of the Nephron

Answer 13

• Filtration:influx of filtered plasma from blood (Glomerulus)
• Reabsorption and secretion: Capillary networks to reclaim of add fluid and substrate
• Excretion: Tube to collect urine

Question 14

Filtration

Answer 14

• occurs between the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

- relies on mechanical and Ionic element

Question 15

Flow of blood

Answer 15

• starts at glomerulus by taking in blood from afferent arteriole, then it goes around the loop of capillaries, then it exists through the efferent arteriole

Question 16

Flow of filtrate

Answer 16

• There is a capsular space( in between the capillaries and the inside of the nephron) as blood comes through it gets forced out of these capillaries and into the capsular space. And this is how we generate potential urine.

Question 17

Factors the determine Filtration Net pressure

Answer 17

The Kf is directly proportional to the surface area of the filtering membrane and its hydraulic conductivity. The net filtration pressure is determined by the balance of the Starling forces (the hydrostatic pressure and the oncotic pressure within the glomerular capillaries and Bowman’s capsule).

Question 18

The concept of glomerular rate

Answer 18

• Amount of filtrate formed in both kidneys/minute