Renal Tumours and Bladder Cancer Flashcards
Name benign renal tumours
- Angiomyolipoma
* Oncocytoma
Name the most common malignant renal tumour
Renal cell carcinoma
What is the triad of clinical features of renal cell carcinoma?
- Haematuria
- Loin Pain
- Mass
What is the common metastases of renal cell carcinoma?
Cannonball metastases in the lungs
What are the common paraneoplastic syndromes associated with renal cell carcinoma?
Polycythaemia
- RCC secretes unregulated erythropoietin
Hypercalcaemia
- RCC secretes a hormone that mimics the action of PTH
Stauffer Syndrome
- Abnormal LFTs demonstrating obstructive jaundice
What are the risk factors for RCC?
- Smoking
- Obesity
- HTN
- Long-term dialysis
- Von Hippel Lindau syndrome
What is the management of RCC?
Surgery for resectable disease
Immunotherapy
What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?
- Exposure to industrial chemicals (Dye and rubber)
- Increasing age
- Smoking
- Schistosomiasis
What are the symptoms and signs of bladder cancer?
- Painless visible/microscopic haematuria
- Irritative urinary symptoms
- UTIs that do not resolve with appropriate antibiotic treatment
What is the most common bladder cancer?
Transitional cell carcinoma
How do you diagnose and stage bladder cancer?
- CT/MRI staging
- TURBT that obtains detrusor muscle
- Cystoscopy
What is the management of a bladder cancer that does not invade the muscle?
o TURBT
o Intravesical chemotherapy after surgery
o Intravesical BCG every 6 weeks
What is the management of a muscle-invasive bladder cancer?
o Surgery (radial cystectomy or ileal conduit) or radical radiotherapy
What do all patients with bladder cancer require as a follow-up
Prolonged cystoscopy
- Check the bladder
What is papillary necrosis?
Necrosis and shedding of the medullary papillae
Papillae may cause obstruction and pyonephrosis
