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A&P 2 IPAP (20-1) > Renal system > Flashcards

Renal system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sum of all filtration rates of all functioning nephrons known as?

A

glomerular filtration rate

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2
Q

What does the leaky barrier of the filtration membrane allow and prevent from passing through?

A

allows water and certain solutes while preventing plasma proteins, blood cells from getting into capsular space

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3
Q

what are the cells of the bowman’s capsule that wrap around the glomerular capillaries?

A

podocytes

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4
Q

what are the 3 layers of the filtration membrane starting with the innermost?

A

fenestrations of endothelial cells, basement membrane/basal lamina, and slit membranes between pedicels

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5
Q

Which layer of the filtration membrane prevents blood cells from passing, but allows all other components of blood plasma through?

A

fenestrations of endothelial cells

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6
Q

Which layer of the filtration membrane prevents large proteins from passing through?

A

basal lamina

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7
Q

Which cells regulate the surface area available for filtration?

A

mesangial cells

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8
Q

Why is the filtration pressure higher in glomeruli than in any other capillaries in the body?

A

larger surface area, larger fenestrations, and efferent arteriole has a small diameter than afferent

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9
Q

What is the glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure?

A

pressure in glomerulus pushing outward into capsular space

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10
Q

How is GBHP (Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure) different from CHP (Capsular hydrostatic pressure)?

A

CHP is opposite of GBHP, pressure that pushes inward on the visceral glomerular membrane

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11
Q

What filtration pressure is due to proteins in blood plasma and pulls solutes into the glomerulus?

A

BCOP (Blood colloidal osmotic pressure)

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12
Q

What is the formula of NFP and what does it do?

A

NFP=BHFP-CHP-BCOP;

Promotes filtration

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13
Q

NFP can still cause filtration if it is negative and lead to urine production. T or F?

A

F

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14
Q

Which pressure change leads to nephrolithiasis?

A

CHP increases pushing back flow into the glomerulus

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15
Q

What condition occurs when NFP is no longer supporting filtration?

A

hydronephrosis

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16
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate and is it higher in males or females?

A

this is the amount of blood filtered through the kidney’s glomeruli into the capsular space per unit time. it is higher in males (90 - 140 mL/min)

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17
Q

What happens when GFR is too slow?

A

All filtrates may be reabsorbed and waste may not be excreted efficiently

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18
Q

A decreasing GFR means what to your doctor?

A

A progression of a chronic kidney disease

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19
Q

Which formula is used for estimating GFR?

A

Cockcroft-Gault formula

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20
Q

Which factors affect the calculation of GFR?

A

Age, Race, Weight, and Gender (GRAW)

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21
Q

Why is creatinine used in the calculation of GFR?

A

Because it is not reabsorbed after filtration and serum level should be at or near urine level

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22
Q

What happens to serum creatinine level when urine level is low?

A

It increases

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23
Q

Creatinine is a result of what process?

A

normal breakdown of muscle

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24
Q

The pressures that affect net filtration pressure also affect GFR. T or F?

A

T

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25
Q

GBHP is inversely related to GFR. T or F?

A

F

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26
Q

What effect does dilation of the afferent arteriole have on GBHP and GFR?

A

increases both

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27
Q

What effect does the dilation of the efferent arteriole have on the GBHP and GFR?

A

decreases both

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28
Q

what effect does the constriction of the afferent and efferent arteriole have on its resistance?

A

increases resistance

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29
Q

What are the mechanisms that regulate GFR?

A

renal autoregulation, neural regulation, and hormonal regulation

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30
Q

If the renal (kidney) autoregulation occurs due to innate actions, how does neural regulation of GFR occur?

A

sympathetic nervous system input

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31
Q

What are the hormones of the hormonal regulation of GFR?

A

Angiotensin II and Atrial natriuretic peptipte (ANP)

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32
Q

How does the kidney maintain a near constant GFR during renal autoregulation?

A

variable changes in resistance at afferent arteriole

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33
Q

Which renal autoregulation mechanism allows the transient (short) increase in GFR?

A

myogenic mechanism

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34
Q

How is the nephron integrity preserved with sudden increased blood pressure?

A

an initial reduction of GFR due to smooth muscle contraction of afferent arteriole

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35
Q

in the myogenic mechanism, an immediate increase in BP causes ___ which can cause ___?

A

myogenic vasoconstriction; compensatory vasodilation

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36
Q

What is the sole purpose of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

affect systemic blood pressure through autoregulation of tubuloglomerular feedback

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37
Q

What are the cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa cells, and lacis cells

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38
Q

What is another name for lacis cells?

A

extraglomerular mesangial cells

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39
Q

Which JGA cells are found in the walls of afferent arteriole?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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40
Q

Which JGA cells are found in between afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, and DCT?

A

lacis cells

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41
Q

which cells are found in the walls of the late thick ascending limb of LOH?

A

macula densa cells

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42
Q

juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells. T or F?

A

T

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43
Q

What are the 2 functions of the juxtaglomerular cells?

A

detect low blood pressure by lack of wall stretch and secrete renin to cause an increase in blood pressure

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44
Q

What are the 2 functions of the macula densa (specialized) cells?

A

detect increase in NaCL in filtrate; release locally acting ATP & adenosine causing contraction of afferent arteriole and reduction in GFR

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45
Q

Which JGA cell contract or relax to make small regulatory changes in response to signal from other JGA cells?

A

exraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)

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46
Q

When the blood pressure and extracellular fluid volume is normal, the neural and hormonal regulation play a key role in maintaining constant GFR. T or F?

A

F

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47
Q

Blood vessels of the kidney are supplied by sympathetic nervous system fibers only. T or F?

A

T

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48
Q

The increase in sympathetic stimulation of the kidney causes ___ of the afferent arteriole.

A

vasoconstriction

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49
Q

The decrease of GFR helps to protect the ____ from rapid rise in pressure until autoregulatory compensation.

A

nephron

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50
Q

Which arteriole constricts first when GFR hormone, angiotensin II is activated?

A

efferent

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51
Q

The increase in the level of angiotensin II in the glomerular causes ____ of afferent arterioles which reduces ____?

A

vasoconstriction; GFR

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52
Q

The secretion of ANP by the atria and BNP by the brain is caused by a ____ in blood volume.

A

increase

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53
Q

How does ANP and BNP affect the afferent and efferent arteriole?

A

It causes dilatation of afferent and constriction of efferent

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54
Q

Increased secretion of ANP/BNP decreases GFR. T or F?

A

F

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55
Q

Which hormone conteracts the vasoconstricting effect of angiotensin II when BP is down?

A

prostaglandins

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56
Q

Which GFR hormonal regulator prevents renal ishemia?

A

prostaglandins

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57
Q

Which GFR hormonal regulator causes vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles counteracting the effect of angiotensin II?

A

Nitric oxide

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58
Q

Which GFR hormonal regulators are endothelial cell derived?

A

Nitric oxide and endothelin

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59
Q

Which GFR hormonal regulator is stimulated by angiotensin II and epinephrine to cause vasoconstriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

endothelin

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60
Q

Which vasodilator stimulates the release of NO and prostaglandins?

A

bradykinan

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61
Q

Which GFR hormonal regulator produced within kidneys causes vasoconstriction at afferent arteriole?

A

Adenosine

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62
Q

What is the function of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)?

A

converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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63
Q

Where is angiotensin converting enzyme located?

A

surface of endothelial cells lining afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries

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64
Q

The RAAS is activated in response to ___ blood pressure.

A

low

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65
Q

RAAS is activated by the stimulation of ___ receptors found in juxtaglomerular cells.

A

beta 2 adrenergic

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66
Q

What change in luminal sodium chloride activates RAAS?

A

decrease in luminal NaCl

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67
Q

GFR is directly proportional to sodium chloride concentration. T or F?

A

T

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68
Q

Which hormones are released when RAAS is activated?

A

renin and angiotensinogen

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69
Q

If juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin, which cells secrete angiotensinogen?

A

hepatocytes (liver cells)

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70
Q

How is angiotensin 1 made after RAAS activation?

A

angiotensinogen reacts with renin to cleave off a 10-amino acid peptide

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71
Q

What happens to angiotensin-1 when it gets to the lung and kidney?

A

It is converted to angiotensin II by endothelial ACE

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72
Q

Angiontensin_II decreases ___ by causing ___ vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole and ___ vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole

A

GFR; major; minor

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73
Q

Angiotensin-II enhances __, __, & __ reabsorption in the PCT

A

water, sodium and chlorine ions

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74
Q

Angiotensin-II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release an hormone which stimulates principal cells in collecting ducts to reabsorb more sodium and chlorine ions and secrete more potassium. what is the hormone?

A

aldosterone

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75
Q

What effect does the increased reabsorption of water, sodium and chlorine ion have on blood volume and pressure?

A

increases

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76
Q

Which hormone that causes more water reabsorbtion does angiotensin-II release in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH

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77
Q

Which condition is an ACE inhibitor used to treat?

A

hypertension

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78
Q

How does ACE inhibition help reduce blood pressure?

A

ensures that angiotensin-II does not stimulate aldosterone and ADH

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79
Q

What are the differences btw active and passive transport?

A

passive does not ATP while active requires ATP to occur; passive is from high conc. to low while active is vice versa

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80
Q

Glomerular filtration is an example of ___ movement

A

passive

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81
Q

Sodium/potassium pumps is an example of ___ movement

A

active

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82
Q

In addition to the efforts of the renal tubule and ducts, ____ cells makes the largest contribution to reabsorption.

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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83
Q

Which distal cells “fine tune” the reabsorption process?

A

LCD; loop of henle, collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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84
Q

By what process are small proteins and peptides reabsorbed after passing through glomerular filter?

A

pinocytosis

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85
Q

The apical membrane is the ___ side of the cell and the basolateral membrane is the ___ side of the cell.

A

apical; interstitial

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86
Q

What is the difference between tubular paracellular and transcellular reabsoption?

A

paracellular is btw tubule cells and transcellular is within the same tubule cell

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87
Q

Which tubular reabsorption method accounts for 50% of reabsorption?

A

paracellular reabsorption

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88
Q

obligatory water reabsorption is the reabsorption of water by ___ reabsorption via ___

A

solute; osmosis

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89
Q

90% of reabsorption occurs in which part of the kidney?

A

PCT and descending limb of the loop of henle

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90
Q

10% of water reabsorption is occurs by ___ water reabsorption.

A

facultative

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91
Q

Where does facultative water reabsorption occur?

A

late DCT and collecting ducts

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92
Q

Which hormone regulates facultative water reabsorption?

A

ADH

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93
Q

What leads to glucosuria?

A

a high concentration of plasma glucose which cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough; instead lost through urine

94
Q

___ is the transfer of materials from the capillaries, interstitial spaces, and tubule cells into the filtrate.

A

tubular secretion

95
Q

Can anabolic steroids, hCG and hGH be detected by urinalysis test?

A

Yes

96
Q

Erythropoietin and amphetamines cannot be detected by urinalysis. T or F?

A

F

97
Q

A ___ layer of ___ cells forms the entire wall of the glomerular capsule, renal tubule and ducts

A

single; epithelial

98
Q

What type of epithelial cells are found on PCT?

A

simple cuboidal with prominent microvilli

99
Q

What is the function of microvilli on the epithelilal cells of PCT?

A

increase surface area for reabsorption and secretion

100
Q

What type of epithelial cells are found on LOH (thin descending and ascending limb portions)?

A

simple squamous

101
Q

All parts of the renal tubule is made up of simple cuboidal epithelial cells except ___?

A

LOH (thin ascending and descending limb portions)?

102
Q

which parts of the renal tubule contain principal cells and intercalated cells?

A

DCT and collecting duct

103
Q

tubular secretion of ___ ions helps to regulate pH

A

hydrogen

104
Q

Principal cells have receptors for ___ and ___

A

ADH; aldosterone

105
Q

Intercalated cells play a role in ___

A

blood pH

106
Q

The constant movement of things across the membranes (tubule cell; interstitial fluid; capillary) leads to an ___ gradient and ___ gradient

A

osmotic and electric

107
Q

___ is a nitrogenous waste created from protein catabolism

A

ammonia

108
Q

___ is more toxic substance than ___ that must be deadly when left to accumulate instead of excreted.

A

Ammonia and urea

109
Q

Ammonia is converted into ___ in the ___ and excreted as ___ by the ___

A

urea; liver; urine; kidney

110
Q

Which disease is caused by urea in the blood instead of excretion through the kidney (kidney failure)?

A

uremia

111
Q

Checking the ___ levels and ___ levels can give a provider a good picture of a patient’s uremic state

A

blood urea nitrogen; creatinine

112
Q

Urea in the blood reverting back to ammonia will lead to a ___

A

septic state

113
Q

In what form is bicard reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

carbonic acid after reaction with hydrogen ion

114
Q

bicard serves as an important ___ in the body

A

buffer

115
Q

In what form does bicard diffuse into the tubule cell?

A

carbonic acid dissociates into carbon dioxide and water before entering the cell

116
Q

for every ___ ion secreted into tubular lumen, one ___ and one ___ ion are absorbed

A

hydrogen;bicarb; sodium

117
Q

largest amount of solute and water reabsorption from filtered fluids occurs in the ___

A

PCT

118
Q

100% of glucose, amino acid, and vitamins are reabsorbed in the PCT. T or F

A

T

119
Q

What substances co-transported during sodium ions active transport from tubule into intersitial fluid?

A

amino acid and glucose

120
Q

Which ions are passively introduced into interstitial fluid to balance sodium ions?

A

chloride ions

121
Q

movement of sodium and calcium into interstitial fluid causes an osmotic imbalance resolved by movement of ___ from filtrate into interstitum

A

water

122
Q

The cell lining of PCT and the ___ LOH possess ___ channels which aids water permeability.

A

descending; aquaporin-1

123
Q

the osmosis of water will often bring pottasium and calcium ion in a process called?

A

solvent drag

124
Q

PTH stimulates cells in the PCT to secrete ___ and ___

A

phosphate; cacitriol (vitamin D)

125
Q

cacitriol (vitamin D) causes ___ to be absorbed from digestive system

A

calcium

126
Q

PTH stimulates cell in the DCT to reabsorb ___

A

calcium

127
Q

___ reabsorption occurs at the descending limb of LOH and ___ reabsorption occurs at the ascending limb of LOH

A

water;solute

128
Q

hyperosmosis is caused by more ___ and less ___

A

solute;water

129
Q

no water reabsorption occurs at the thin and think portion of the ascending limb LOH. T or F?

A

T

130
Q

thin portion of the ascending LOH is ___ permeable to solutes and the thick portion of the ascending LOH is ___ permeable to solutes.

A

passively;actively

131
Q

macula densa cells are formed in the ___

A

think portion of the ascending LOH

132
Q

the amount of solute/water reabsorption is dependent on the feedback from ___ and ___

A

hormones; osmoreceptors

133
Q

DCT and PCT reabsorb sodium ion through ___

A

active transport

134
Q

Although normally impermeable to water, ___ hormone causes principal cells of DCT and collecting ducts to become permeable to water by generating ___ channels

A

ADH; aquaporin-2

135
Q

In the presence of ADH when more water is reabsorbed (creating an osmotic imbalance), urea is also reabsorbed at the ___ ducts migrates through interstitial fluid and gets secreted in the ___

A

distal collecting; descending limb of the LOH

136
Q

aquaporin-2 functions in the presence of ___, while aquaporin-1 function ___ in the PCT/LOH

A

ADH; independently

137
Q

hypekalemia causes ___ to be released

A

aldosterone

138
Q

aldosterone causes principal cells to reabsorb ___ and secret ___

A

sodium (with water); potassium

139
Q

type A of intercalated cells causes secretion of ___ and the reabsorption of ___ and ___

A

hydrogen ions; bicarb and potassium ions

140
Q

type B of intercalated cells causes secretion of ___ and ___ and the reabsorption of ___

A

potassium ions and bicarb; hydrogen ions

141
Q

ANP is stimulated by what change in blood pressure?

A

increased blood pressure

142
Q

ANP inhibits ___, ___ and ___

A

sodium ion, water, and RAAS

143
Q

The regulation of plasma osmolarity is the responsibility of ___, ___, and ___

A

LOH, DCT, and collecting ducts

144
Q

descending limb of LOH ___ urine, ___ ascending limb of LOH ___ urine

A

concentrates; think;dilutes

145
Q

the final dilution/concentration of urine controlled the presence/absence of ___ occurs at ___ and ___

A

ADH; DCT; collecting ducts

146
Q

what is the volume of urine produced in a 24 hr period?

A

1-2 liters

147
Q

what is the normal color of urine and what causes blood in urine?

A

yellow to amber; kidney stones

148
Q

what is the turbidity of urine?

A

transparent at first; cloudy with time

149
Q

what is the odor of urine?

A

mildly aromatic

150
Q

what is the normal pH range and average of urine?

A

4.6 - 8.0; 6.0

151
Q

protein increases the ___ of pH and vegetables increases ___ of pH

A

acidity; alkalinity

152
Q

what is the usual specific gravity of urine?

A

1.001 - 1.035

153
Q

the ____ the concentration of solutes, the higher the specific gravity

A

higher

154
Q

normal urine contains protein. T or F?

A

F

155
Q

what accounts for majority of urine?

A

water

156
Q

solutes such as urea is from the breakdown of ___, uric acid is from the breakdown of ___, and urobilinogen is from the breakdown of ___

A

proteins; nucleic acid; hemoglobin

157
Q

fatty acids, pigments, and enzymes are solutes found in urine. T or F?

A

T

158
Q

What are the 2 blood tests that provide information on kidney function?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen and plasma creatinine

159
Q

creatinine is reabsorbed in the kidney. T or F?

A

F

160
Q

When GFR ___, BUN increases?

A

reduces

161
Q

renal clearance is the ___ that can be completely ___ of a substance per unit time

A

volume of plasma; cleared/excreted

162
Q

___ is a great measure of GFR because it is easily filtered and excreted completely (100%) through urine

A

inulin plant polysaccharide

163
Q

creatinine is a ___ estimate of GFR and the lab values needed to complete it are 24 hr ___ and ___

A

urine collection and plasma concentration

164
Q

collecting ducts – ? –papillary ducts – ? – major calyces – ? – ureters – ? – urethra

A

papillary: minor calyces; renal pelvis; urinary bladder

165
Q

urine is transported by ___ from the renal pelvis to urinary bladder

A

peristalsis

166
Q

ureters are ___ walled, ___, and retroperitoneal

A

thick, narrow, retroperitoneal

167
Q

ureter passes ___ into ___ aspect of bladder

A

obliquely; posterior/inferior

168
Q

the physiologic valve of the ureter ___ the bladder ___ to close the “valve” avoiding backflow. This process is also known as ___

A

pulls; down; anti-reflux mechanism

169
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ureter starting with the innermost?

A

mucosa (globlet cells), muscularis (inner longitudinal smooth muscle), and adventitia

170
Q

the urinary bladder is ___ when empty and pear-shaped when ___

A

collapsed; pear-shaped

171
Q

The urinary bladder is ___ of the rectum (males) and vagina (females)

A

anterior

172
Q

The urinary bladder is ___ to pubic symphysis and ___ to uterus in females

A

posterior; inferior

173
Q

What holds the urinary bladder in place?

A

peritoneal folds

174
Q

what is the difference in the muscularis of the ureter and bladder?

A

the ureter version is made of smooth muscle while bladder version is made of detrusor muscle

175
Q

What happens when the detrusor muscle of the muscularis layer of the bladder is relaxed and contracted?

A

bladder is filled during relaxation and contraction forces urine into the urethra

176
Q

Comparing the ureter and bladder layers, what is the extra outer layer on the bladder and what does it cover?

A

serosa covers superior surface and visceral peritoneum

177
Q

the smooth triangular area in the bladder floor is known as?

A

trigone

178
Q

the bladder is ___ to the urethra

A

superior

179
Q

the internal urethral sphincter is involuntary and made of ___ and the external urethral sphincter is ___ and made of skeletal muscle

A

smooth muscle; voluntary

180
Q

the internal urethral sphincter is located ___ to the bladder and ___the prostrate in males

A

inferior; above

181
Q

where is the external urethral sphincter located in males and females

A

below prostrate in males; at the opening of the external urethral orifice

182
Q

__ 4-5x longer than female version, dual function (semen, urine), and consists of mucosa and muscularis layers

A

mare urethra

183
Q

the longest region of the male urethra passing through the penis is the ___

A

spongy

184
Q

___ is the shortest region of the male urethra forming the external urethral sphincter

A

membranous

185
Q

___ contains smooth muscle that forms internal urethral sphincter (male urethra) and ducts that transport prostatic fluids and sperm

A

prostatic

186
Q

spongy urethra (in males) contains ___ that delivers alkaline fluid to help neutralize acidity of urethra

A

bulbourethral (cowper’s gland)

187
Q

female urethra is ___ to pubis symphysis

A

posterior

188
Q

female urethra runs ___ from the bladder neck and and to the vaginal vestibule

A

inferior/anterior

189
Q

what renal organ is btw the clitoris and vaginal orfice?

A

female urethra

190
Q

mucosa layer of female urethra is ___ epithelium near bladder, ___ columnar in the middle, and ___ near external urethral orfice

A

transitional; pseudostratified; non-keratinized stratified

191
Q

the involuntary contractions of detrusor muscle causing the ___ sphincter to open

A

internal urethral

192
Q

what causes the voluntary contraction that prevents urination?

A

external urethral sphincter

193
Q

micturition is the discharge of urine. T or F?

A

T

194
Q

the increased incidence of calculi, renal inflamation, polyuria, nocturia, and dysuria is caused by ___ deterioration after ___

A

nephron; aging

195
Q

the kidney is partially protected by the ___ ribs

A

11th and 12th

196
Q

the kidney is located btw the ___ and ___ vertebrae in the ___ space

A

last thoracic and 3rd lumbar; retroperitoneal

197
Q

the ___ border of the kidney faces the spinal column

A

cocave medial

198
Q

what is the innermost layer of the kidney with smooth connective tissue?

A

renal capsule

199
Q

What is the middle layer of the kidney and what type of tissue does it have?

A

adipose; fatty tissue

200
Q

renal fascia is the ___ layer of the kidney with ___ connective tissue

A

outermost; dense

201
Q

What part of the kidney contains all of the glomeruli and convoluted tubules of nephron?

A

cortex

202
Q

the narrow apex of the pyramid is known as?

A

papilla

203
Q

a unit of a medulla is known as the ___

A

pyramid

204
Q

what part of the kidney contains the loops of henle and collecting ducts

A

medulla

205
Q

minor calyx collect urine from ___ while major calyx collect urine from ___

A

papilla; minor calyx

206
Q

spaces btw renal pyramids are known as

A

columns

207
Q

a functional region of the kidney is known as a ___?

A

lobe (pyramid++cortex+1/2 each adjacent column)

208
Q

where do the major calyces of the kidney drain into?

A

renal pelvis

209
Q

the spaces in the kidney where blood vessels and nerve supply pass through are known as?

A

renal sinuses

210
Q

___ is the indentation of the kidney where the ureter emerges with blood and lymphatic vessels

A

renal helium

211
Q

What is the acronym for the blood supply to the kidney that starts with aorta and ends with inferior vena cavae?

A

ARSI/AI/AGE/PV/IAIRA

212
Q

The blood supply starts from goes from the arteries, to arterioles, to glomerulus, capillaries, and veins. T or F?

A

T

213
Q

The glomerulus allows filtration and reabsorption. T or F?

A

F (strictly filtration)

214
Q

blood enters through the ___ to get filtered by the glomerulus and exits through ___ to proceed to the capillary system

A

corpuscle (2x)

215
Q

The ___ capillary acts as a secondary filter which can reabsorb and secrete

A

peritubular

216
Q

filtrate is first found in ___ from where it flows into the ___ then into the collecting ducts

A

bowman’s capsule (glomerular capsule); tubules

217
Q

filtrate becomes urine after leaving the ___

A

collecting duct

218
Q

a functional unit of the kidney is known as?

A

nephron

219
Q

the 2 parts of the nephron are ___ where blood is filtered and ___ where filtered blood goes

A

renal corpuscle; renal tubule

220
Q

Renal corpuscle is made of GG and renal tubule is made of PLD. What do the acronyms mean?

A

GG; glomerulus, glomerular capscule |

PLD; PCT, LOH, and DCT

221
Q

which part of the renal tubule is connected to the renal corpuscle?

A

PCT

222
Q

of the parts of the nephron, which one is only found in the renal medulla?

A

LOH

223
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary nephron

224
Q

Which type of nephron is the most common and found on the outer portion of the renal cortex?

A

cortical nephron

225
Q

which type of nephron has long loops of henle and has peritubular capillaries that give rise to ___ recta?

A

juxtamedullary nephron; vasa

226
Q

The anatomy of the ___ of the juxtamedullary nephrons that lends to very dilute or concentrated urine

A

long nephrons

227
Q

the short and long nephron start and end in the ___

A

cortex

228
Q

the component of the juxtamedullary nephron that is very important for maintaining constant osmotic gradient is known as?

A

vasa recta

229
Q

___ arteriole brings blood into the corpuscle possessing wider and thicker walls for constriction and dilation

A

afferent

230
Q

the smaller lumen size and thinner walls of the ___ arteriole aids in back-pressure sometimes needed for glomerular filtration

A

efferent

A&P 2 IPAP (20-1) (1 decks)

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