Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

546 Body Systems > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Renal System Contents

A

Kidney

Ureters

Artery, Veins, and Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Renal System: Kidneys

A

2 Kidneys containing millions of nephrons

Filters and returns fluid to blood ~150-200 quarts/24 hours, ~1-2 quarts removed as urine

Removes waste and balances body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Renal System: Ureters

A

Muscular tubes connecting kidneys to bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Renal System: Vascular and Nerve Supply

A

Renal Artery and Vein

Renal Plexus innervates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Diarrhea, Renal Failure, Shock, Sepsis, Lactic Acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Metabolic Acidosis S/S

A

Bicarbonate Deficit, Hyperventilation, Headache, Mental Dullness, Deep Respiration, Stupor, Coma, Hyperkalemia, Tachycardia, Cardiac Arrythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Hypoventilation, Chest Trauma, Pulmonary Edema and CHF, COPD, or other Obstructive d/o’s obstructive sleep apnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Respiratory Acidosis S/S

A

Headache, Visual Disturbance, Confusion, Dorwsiness, Tremor, Asterixis, Depressed Tendon Reflexes, Hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Loss of Gastric secretions, antacids, diuretics, or hypervolemia (too much fluid): CHF, Cirrhosis, Cushing’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis S/S

A

Headaches, Lethargy, Tetany, Depressed Respirations, Mental Confusion, Dizziness, Seizure, Hypokalemia, Cardiac Arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation due to anxiety, high altitude, pregnancy, fever, hypoxia, pneumonia, PE, sepsis, Liver Disease, Hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis S/S

A

Hypocapnia, lightheaded, paresthesia, cramps, syncope, tetany, convulsions, hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Arterial Blood Gas

A

Examines the acid-base balance (pH), ventilation
(CO2, O2 levels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Arterial Blood Gas: pH

A

Acid = <7.35
Normal = 7.35 - 7.45
Alkaline = >7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Arterial Blood Gas: PaCO2

A

Acid = >45
Normal = 35-45
Alkaline = <35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Arterial Blood Gas: HCO3

A

Acid = <22
Normal = 22-28
Alkaline = >28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

6 Steps to ABG Analysis

A
  1. Is the pH normal
  2. Is the CO2 normal
  3. Is the HCO3 normal
  4. Match the CO2 or the HCO3 with the pH
  5. Does the CO2 or the HCO3 go the opposite direction of the pH?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Arterial Blood Gas: Respiratory System

A

Controls the PaCO2

If breathing is rapid = CO2 blown off
The blood becomes less acidic and pH increases
If breathing is ineffective = CO2 retained
The blood becomes more acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Arterial Blood Gas: Kidneys

A

Referred to as the metabolic system in the context of ABG measurement, controls the bicarbonate level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Arterial Blood Gas: Bicarbonate

A

Acts as a base

The Kidneys assist in the amount of HCO3 in the blood and extracellular fluid through increased production or reabsorption of these ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Arterial Blood Gas: Urine

A

Kidneys regulate the pH by changing the amount of hydrogen ions in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Metabolic Conditions

A

Metabolic Alkalosis:
pH UP & HCO3 UP

Metabolic Acidosis:
pH DOWN & HCO3 DOWN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Respiratory Conditions

A

Respiratory Alkalosis:
pH UP & PaCO2 DOWN

Respiratory Acidosis:
pH DOWN & PaCO2 UP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Kidney Disease

A

Kidney disease affects ~37 million
90% asymptomatic
Leading cause of death in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Causes of Kidney Disease
Diabetes Mellitus Hypertension
26
Risk Factors for Kidney Disease
Common RIsk factors to CV Disease
27
Renal Failure
Cannot filter toxins and waste from the blood adequately
28
Acute Renal Failure / Acute Kidney Injury
Acute change in function, seen post-op, can be affected by meds or contrast-imaging solutions
29
Symptoms of Acute Renal Failure / AKI
Asymptomatic Sudden Decline Oliguria Retaining Sodium Anemia Mental Status
30
Acute Renal Failure and PT
May have: Strict fluid monitoring Frequent breaks with urge to void Urine output measurement is critical
31
Acute Kidney Injury
Significant reduced urine, confusion, nausea, edema, fatigue Develops over hours to day
32
Acute Kidney Injury: Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnose with blood work / imaging -Creatinine, BUN Treat with diuretics, antibiotics, or temporary dialysis
33
Chronic Kidney Disease: Signs and Symptoms
Fatigue, lethargy, Headache, confusion, muscle cramps, foot edema, puffy eyes, dry skin, seizures, and coma
34
Chronic Kidney Disease: Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the filtering units
35
Chronic Kidney Disease: Polycystic Kidney Disease
Most common genetic disease
36
Chronic Kidney Disease: Urinary tract infection
Affects kidney when backflow of urine neters ureter, kidneys
37
Chronic Kidney Disease: Autoimmune system disorders
LUPUS (Selena)
38
Kidney Cancer
Renal Cell Carcinoma Smoking is the primary risk factor -Misuse of pain meds -Overweight, HTN, family history -Uncommon < 45
39
Kidney Cancer: Signs and Symptoms
Blood in the urine, lump in abdomen, ongoing lateral side pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, anemia
40
Kidney Cancer: Stages
1 = <7 cm 2 = > 7 cm 3 = Any size + Lymph nodes, blood 4 = Spread to organs and distant lymph nodes
41
Reducining Kidney Disease Risk
Controlling BP and Blood Sugar Maintaining Proper Weight Quitting Smoking Exercising Regularly Avoid excessive Medicine
42
Healthy Kidney vs. Unhealthy Kidney
Healthy: - Sodium and Water removal - Waste removal - Hormone production Unhealthy: - Fluid overload - Elevated urea, creatinine, potassium - Changes in hrmones - BP and uptake in Calcium
43
Kidney Disease Stages
Stage 1 - 90%, Normal Function Stage 2 - 89-60%, Mild Loss of Function Stage 3 - 59-30%, Moderate Loss of Function Stage 4 -29-15%, Severe Loss of Function Stage 5 - 15%, Kidney Failure
44
Hemodialysis
Blood is filtreed through a machine that acts as an artifical kidney Patients will be oliguric
45
Intermittent Hemodialysis
Patients with chronic conditions will usually. have a permanent fistula Dialysis 3-4 times/week 3-5+ hours/session
46
Peritoneal Dialysis
Uses abdominal cavity Can be done at home Cannot be accepted to SNF Primarily managed in home environment, patients hook up to dialysis at night while sleeping
47
PT implications for Dialysis: HOSPITAL
Reduce intensity and give rest Monitor Orthostatic Hypotension May have nausea & vomiting No BP on shunt side Check for infection Check for Peritonitis
48
PT implications for Dialysis: OUTPATIENT
Strengthening and CV fitness with a good warm up and cool down Sarcopenia and Osteopenia common
49
Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome
Headaches, Confusion, Seizures,
50
Fluid Imbalances: Dehydration
S/S Thirst, weight loss, poor turgor, dry mouth, absence of sweat, increased body temperature, low urine output, postural hypotension, dizzy when standing, confusion
51
Fluid Imbalances: Excess
S/S Decreased mental alertness, sleepiness, anxorexia, poor motor coordination, confusion, sudden weight gain, convulsions, warm moist skin
52
Electrolyte Values: Potassium
Normal = 3.5 - 5.5 Hypo: Dizzy, hypotension, arrythmia, N/V, constipation, irrtability, confusion, speech, weakness, cramps Hyper: Flaccid paralysis, areflexia, weakness, numbness, tachycardia
53
Electrolyte Values: Sodium
Normal = 135 - 146 Hypo: Anxiety, headaches, confusion, seizures, hypotensive, tachycardia, N/V, cold clammy skin, decreased skin turgor Hyper: Agitated restless, seizures, ataxic, confused, tachycardia, pitting edema, weight gain, dyspnea, flushed skin thirst
54
Electrolyte Values: Calcium
Normal = 8 - 10 Hypo: Anxiety, irrtable, twitching mouth, laryngospasm, apathy, confusion, paresthesia Hyper: Drowsy, lethargic, headaches, depression, weakness, constipation, thirst, dehydrated
55
Electrolyte Values: Magnesium
Normal = 1.8 - 2.4 Hypo: Muscle tremors, weakness, tetany, leg/foot cramps, apathy, confusion Hyper: Drowsy, flushed skin, lethargy, confusion, weak pulse, cardiac arrest, flaccid paralysis
56
Special Questions
Ever had ulcer, gallbladder disease, spleen removal, hepatitis/jaundice? Family History of Wilson's Disease? High risk for disease transmission? ACL replacement with allograft? Injury or trauma to abdomen? Bruising or bleeding easily? Change in color of urine/stool? Swollen or bloated stomach? Surgery on Kidney/Bladder? Kidney stones? Cancer?
57
Screening Clues
SLR test NEGATIVE w/ back pain History of breast or uterine cancer Change in position doesn't relieve Fever, Chills, Constant Pain
58
Pain Referral - Kidney
Usually unilateral Radiates forward around flank Lower quadrant Ipsilateral shoulder pain Dull, Achy, boring, constant Dermatomes T9/10 Abdominal spasms
59
Immediate MD Referral Renal System
Blood in the urine Back or shoulder pain Abnormal urinary symptoms Positive Murphy's percussion
60
Diagnostic Testing Kidney and Bladder
Urinalysis X-Ray Renal Arteriography Cytoscopy Ultrasonography CT Scan MRI Biopsy

546 Body Systems (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions