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Human Physiology II > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

How many mL of urine is in the bladder when it is considered moderately full?

A

500

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2
Q

How many layers are contained within the wall of the urinary bladder?

A

4

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3
Q

To where does the renal pelvis lead?

A

Ureter

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4
Q

The portion of the renal tubule surrounding the glomerulus is called the:

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

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5
Q

As blood travels towards the kidney, it flows from the renal arteries into the:

A

Segmental arteries

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6
Q

The outermost of the three regions of the kidney is the:

A

Renal cortex

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7
Q

Beginning from the glomerular capsule, the correct order of the renal tubular regions is:

A

Proximal convoluted tube, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tube

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8
Q

The external opening of the urinary system is the:

A

External urethral orifice

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9
Q

Renal pyramids are extended by extensions of cortex-like tissue termed:

A

Renal columns

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10
Q

The innermost portion of the triple-layer protective sheet of the kidney is termed the:

A

Renal capsule

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11
Q

Name the structure indicated by the number 3.

A

Minor calyx

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12
Q

What is the term used to describe the location of the kidneys?

A

Retroperitoneal

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13
Q

What are the specialized cells found on the visceral layers of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Podocytes

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14
Q

The enlarged, cup-shaped closed end of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus is called the:

A

Glomerulus (Bowman’s) capsule

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15
Q

In the black-and-white lettered diagram, what is marked by the letter A?

A

Minor calyx

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16
Q

In the black-and-white lettered diagram, what is marked by the letter B?

A

Ureter

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17
Q

In the black-and-white lettered diagram, what is marked by the letter C?

A

Renal medulla

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18
Q

In the black-and-white lettered diagram, what is marked by the letter D?

A

Renal pyramid

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19
Q

In the black-and-white lettered diagram, what is marked by the letter E?

A

Pelvic space

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20
Q

In the black-and-white lettered diagram, what is marked by the letter F?

A

Fibrous capsule

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21
Q

In the black-and-white lettered diagram, what is marked by the letter G?

A

Renal cortex

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22
Q

In the black-and-white lettered diagram, what term can also be given to the region marked by the letter G?

A

Cortex

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23
Q

Every nephron is closely associated with peritubular capillaries, which wrap around the proximal and distal convoluted tubule, and also which capillary structure?

A

Glomerulus

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24
Q

Each kidney contains about __________ nephrons.

A

One million

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25
Q

Externally, the kidney is protected and supported by which type of connective tissue?

A

Adipose

26
Q

Most nephrons are located within the:

A

Cortex

27
Q

The greatly-expanded part of the ureter inside the kidney is the:

A

Renal pelvis

28
Q

The nephron has two parts, the:

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

29
Q

The outer region of the three-layered sheet, which surrounds the kidney and marked ‘E’ is the:

A

Renal fascia

30
Q

The renal pelvis:

A

Leads to the ureter

31
Q

The triangular regions of the kidneys that are striped in appearance, and separated by the renal columns, are the:

A

Renal pyramids

32
Q

Which structure is found in the renal cortex?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

33
Q

Reabsorption of Na+:

A

Takes place in association with Cl- and HCO3-

34
Q

In the labelled diagram, which letter indicates the area that maintains low cellular sodium?

A

D

35
Q

In the labelled diagram, which letter indicates the area of the uniporter?

A

C

36
Q

In the labelled diagram, which letter indicates the area of the basolateral membrane?

A

B

37
Q

In the labelled diagram, which letter indicates the area of lateral intracellular space?

A

E

38
Q

In the labelled diagram, which letter indicates the area of a cotransporter?

A

A

39
Q

Sodium is moved out of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule and into the interstitial fluid by which process?

A

Active transport

40
Q

What is an important function of sodium ions? (Question is ‘which of the following is true concerning sodium ions?’)

A

They are necessary for generation of action potentials

41
Q

Glucose enters the proximal convoluted tubule cells by ______ and leaves the cell into the interstitial fluid by ______.

A

Sodium ion-glucose symporters, facilitated diffusion

42
Q

Sodium ions move into principal cells of the collecting duct by _________.

A

Diffusion

43
Q

What occurs by the action of Na+ symporters in the apical membranes of tubule cells?

A

Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids by proximal convoluted tubule cells

44
Q

Reabsorption of sodium from the tubules of the nephron establishes an osmotic gradient that causes _______ to move back into the blood.

A

Water

45
Q

Which uniporter protein facilitates diffusion into pertitubular capillaries?

A

GLUT2 transporter protein

46
Q

Which symporter protein facilitates cotransport into the PCT cells?

A

SLGT protein

47
Q

Which antiporter transport protein facilitates movement into tubular fluid?

A

H+/Na+ protein

48
Q

Which antiporter transport protein facilitates movement of Na+ ions into pertitibular capillaries?

A

Na+K+ATPase pump

49
Q

True or false? When the bladder is in the relaxed state, the superficial cells are reduced to only a few layers.

A

False

50
Q

Which type of epithelial cells comprise the macula densa?

A

Columnar epithelial cells

51
Q

Blood vessels, pleural and peritoneal cavities, pulmonary alveoli, and glomerular capsules all have what kind of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous

52
Q

What type of epithelium is found in glands and ducts (specifically, the thyroid gland and collecting ducts of the kidney)?

A

Simple cuboidal

53
Q

Distal convoluted tubule cells are made from which type of epithelial cell?

A

Cuboidal

54
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule cells are made from which type of epithelial cell?

A

Cuboidal

55
Q

Membranes always have one free surface, called the _______ surface, and typically that surface is significantly
different from the opposite surface.

A

Apical

56
Q

How can nephron epithelial cells be physiologically described?

A

Avascular, innervated by nerves, and supported by connective tissue

57
Q

On what basis are epithelial tissues classified?

A

Cell shape, and number of layers

58
Q

Is the following passage true or false?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium lines the excretory duct of glands.
Transitional epithelium is found in the urethra and bladder and is capable of distention
Stratified columnar lines salivary gland ducts such as parotid and mandibular.

A

True

59
Q

Which epithelial cells are scale-like and flattened?

A

Squamous

60
Q

What is not a function of epithelial cells?

A

Transport

61
Q

Principal cells in the descending limb of the Loop of Henle of a medullary nephron are made from which type of epithelial cell?

A

Squamous

Human Physiology II (2 decks)

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