Renal system Flashcards

1
Q

Female UTI risk factors

A

Short, straight urethra
Pregnancy
Use of diaphragm and spermicidal compounds for birth control
Proximity of urinary meatus to vagina and anus
Sexual intercourse

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2
Q

Male UTI risk factors

A

Prostatic hypertrophy
Uncircumcised
Anal intercourse

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3
Q

Male + female UTI risk factors

A

Age
Catheterisation
Genetic factors
Urinary tract obstructions
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Vesicoureteral reflux

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4
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

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5
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and parenchyma

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6
Q

What is a catheter-associated UTI?

A

Urinary tract infection resulting from an indwelling catheter. Causes bacteriuria

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7
Q

What is acute pyelonephritis?

A

Infection that ascends from the the lower urinary tract to the kidneys

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8
Q

Clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis

A

Increased void frequency
Dysuria
Unilateral flank (loin) pain or groin pain
Fever
Chills

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9
Q

Acute pyelonephritis treatment

A

Responds well to specific antibiotic management after urine culture and analysis.
Complicated acute pyelonephritis may require blood cultures and urinary tract imaging

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10
Q

Renal calculi risk factors

A

Male
Over 40
Infection
Urinary stasis
Immobility
Hypercalcemia
Increased uric acid and urinary oxalate levels

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11
Q

Renal calculi clinical manifestations

A

Sharp, sudden, severe pain
Haematuria
N + V
Pain radiates in flank area

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12
Q

Renal calculi diagnosis

A

Urinalysis
Cystoscopy
Intravenous pyelogram
Renal stone analysis
Calcium, oxalate and uric acid serum levels

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13
Q

Renal calculi treatment

A

Often passes spontaneously
Surgically removed if causing an obstruction, infection, unrelieved pain or serious bleeding

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14
Q

What is the normal amount of urine production?

A

0.5-1.0mL/kg/hr

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15
Q

What is acute kidney injury?

A

Decrease in glomerular filtration rate resulting in decreased urine output and increased nitrogenous waste in blood (urea and creatinine)

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16
Q

Prerenal causes of AKI

A
  1. Blood volume depletion
  2. Blood pressure reception
  3. Obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys
17
Q

Intrarenal causes of AKI

A
  • Direct damage to the kidneys
  • Inflammation within the kidneys
  • Kidney infection
  • Drugs
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Tubular necrosis
  • Vascular changes
18
Q

Post renal causes of AKI

A

Obstruction of urine flow
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Kidney stones
- Bladder injury or tumour
- Enlarged prostate

19
Q

Acute kidney injury treatments

A

Diuretics and dialysis

20
Q

What is chronic kidney disease?

A

Gradual loss of kidney function

21
Q

Main causes of chronic kidney disease

A

HTN
Diabetes
Glomerulonephritis

22
Q

Treatment of chronic kidney disease

A

Dialysis
Do nothing
Kidney transplant

23
Q

What is dialysis?

A

Replacing the function of the kidney using equipment to clean the blood

24
Q

What are the two types of dialysis?

A
  1. Haemodialysis
  2. Peritoneal dialysis
25
Q

What is haemodialysis?

A

Occurs outside the body, the blood is passed through an artificial kidney. Done for 4 hours, 3 times a week.
Combined with reduced fluid intake and diet changes

26
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Occurs inside the body, the blood is cleaned through the peritoneum.
A tube is placed in the peritoneum and dialysate is poured into the tube and left for a few hours. This solution diffuses the waste products out of the blood.
Takes 20-30 minutes 4 times a day.