Renal system

Question 1

Female UTI risk factors

Answer 1

Short, straight urethra
Pregnancy
Use of diaphragm and spermicidal compounds for birth control
Proximity of urinary meatus to vagina and anus
Sexual intercourse

Question 2

Male UTI risk factors

Answer 2

Prostatic hypertrophy
Uncircumcised
Anal intercourse

Question 3

Male + female UTI risk factors

Answer 3

Age
Catheterisation
Genetic factors
Urinary tract obstructions
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Vesicoureteral reflux

Question 4

What is cystitis?

Answer 4

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

Question 5

What is pyelonephritis?

Answer 5

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and parenchyma

Question 6

What is a catheter-associated UTI?

Answer 6

Urinary tract infection resulting from an indwelling catheter. Causes bacteriuria

Question 7

What is acute pyelonephritis?

Answer 7

Infection that ascends from the the lower urinary tract to the kidneys

Question 8

Clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis

Answer 8

Increased void frequency
Dysuria
Unilateral flank (loin) pain or groin pain
Fever
Chills

Question 9

Acute pyelonephritis treatment

Answer 9

Responds well to specific antibiotic management after urine culture and analysis.
Complicated acute pyelonephritis may require blood cultures and urinary tract imaging

Question 10

Renal calculi risk factors

Answer 10

Male
Over 40
Infection
Urinary stasis
Immobility
Hypercalcemia
Increased uric acid and urinary oxalate levels

Question 11

Renal calculi clinical manifestations

Answer 11

Sharp, sudden, severe pain
Haematuria
N + V
Pain radiates in flank area

Question 12

Renal calculi diagnosis

Answer 12

Urinalysis
Cystoscopy
Intravenous pyelogram
Renal stone analysis
Calcium, oxalate and uric acid serum levels

Question 13

Renal calculi treatment

Answer 13

Often passes spontaneously
Surgically removed if causing an obstruction, infection, unrelieved pain or serious bleeding

Question 14

What is the normal amount of urine production?

Answer 14

0.5-1.0mL/kg/hr

Question 15

What is acute kidney injury?

Answer 15

Decrease in glomerular filtration rate resulting in decreased urine output and increased nitrogenous waste in blood (urea and creatinine)

Question 16

Prerenal causes of AKI

Answer 16

1. Blood volume depletion
2. Blood pressure reception
3. Obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys

Question 17

Intrarenal causes of AKI

Answer 17

• Direct damage to the kidneys
• Inflammation within the kidneys
• Kidney infection
• Drugs
• Autoimmune diseases
• Tubular necrosis
• Vascular changes

Question 18

Post renal causes of AKI

Answer 18

Obstruction of urine flow
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Kidney stones
- Bladder injury or tumour
- Enlarged prostate

Question 19

Acute kidney injury treatments

Answer 19

Diuretics and dialysis

Question 20

What is chronic kidney disease?

Answer 20

Gradual loss of kidney function

Question 21

Main causes of chronic kidney disease

Answer 21

HTN
Diabetes
Glomerulonephritis

Question 22

Treatment of chronic kidney disease

Answer 22

Dialysis
Do nothing
Kidney transplant

Question 23

What is dialysis?

Answer 23

Replacing the function of the kidney using equipment to clean the blood

Question 24

What are the two types of dialysis?

Answer 24

1. Haemodialysis
2. Peritoneal dialysis

Question 25

What is haemodialysis?

Answer 25

Occurs outside the body, the blood is passed through an artificial kidney. Done for 4 hours, 3 times a week. Combined with reduced fluid intake and diet changes

Question 26

What is peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 26

Occurs inside the body, the blood is cleaned through the peritoneum. A tube is placed in the peritoneum and dialysate is poured into the tube and left for a few hours. This solution diffuses the waste products out of the blood. Takes 20-30 minutes 4 times a day.