Renal system Flashcards
Female UTI risk factors
Short, straight urethra
Pregnancy
Use of diaphragm and spermicidal compounds for birth control
Proximity of urinary meatus to vagina and anus
Sexual intercourse
Male UTI risk factors
Prostatic hypertrophy
Uncircumcised
Anal intercourse
Male + female UTI risk factors
Age
Catheterisation
Genetic factors
Urinary tract obstructions
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Vesicoureteral reflux
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
What is pyelonephritis?
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and parenchyma
What is a catheter-associated UTI?
Urinary tract infection resulting from an indwelling catheter. Causes bacteriuria
What is acute pyelonephritis?
Infection that ascends from the the lower urinary tract to the kidneys
Clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis
Increased void frequency
Dysuria
Unilateral flank (loin) pain or groin pain
Fever
Chills
Acute pyelonephritis treatment
Responds well to specific antibiotic management after urine culture and analysis.
Complicated acute pyelonephritis may require blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal calculi risk factors
Male
Over 40
Infection
Urinary stasis
Immobility
Hypercalcemia
Increased uric acid and urinary oxalate levels
Renal calculi clinical manifestations
Sharp, sudden, severe pain
Haematuria
N + V
Pain radiates in flank area
Renal calculi diagnosis
Urinalysis
Cystoscopy
Intravenous pyelogram
Renal stone analysis
Calcium, oxalate and uric acid serum levels
Renal calculi treatment
Often passes spontaneously
Surgically removed if causing an obstruction, infection, unrelieved pain or serious bleeding
What is the normal amount of urine production?
0.5-1.0mL/kg/hr
What is acute kidney injury?
Decrease in glomerular filtration rate resulting in decreased urine output and increased nitrogenous waste in blood (urea and creatinine)
Prerenal causes of AKI
- Blood volume depletion
- Blood pressure reception
- Obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys
Intrarenal causes of AKI
- Direct damage to the kidneys
- Inflammation within the kidneys
- Kidney infection
- Drugs
- Autoimmune diseases
- Tubular necrosis
- Vascular changes
Post renal causes of AKI
Obstruction of urine flow
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Kidney stones
- Bladder injury or tumour
- Enlarged prostate
Acute kidney injury treatments
Diuretics and dialysis
What is chronic kidney disease?
Gradual loss of kidney function
Main causes of chronic kidney disease
HTN
Diabetes
Glomerulonephritis
Treatment of chronic kidney disease
Dialysis
Do nothing
Kidney transplant
What is dialysis?
Replacing the function of the kidney using equipment to clean the blood
What are the two types of dialysis?
- Haemodialysis
- Peritoneal dialysis
What is haemodialysis?
Occurs outside the body, the blood is passed through an artificial kidney. Done for 4 hours, 3 times a week.
Combined with reduced fluid intake and diet changes
What is peritoneal dialysis?
Occurs inside the body, the blood is cleaned through the peritoneum.
A tube is placed in the peritoneum and dialysate is poured into the tube and left for a few hours. This solution diffuses the waste products out of the blood.
Takes 20-30 minutes 4 times a day.
