Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal System > Renal System 1 > Flashcards

Renal System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the kidney’s located?

A

Rear near twelve rib and T12-L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the eight functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Maintenance of homeostasis
  2. Excretion of waste products and toxins
  3. Regulation of electrolyte balance
  4. Regulation of fluid balance
  5. Regulation of acid:base balance
  6. Produce Renin - control blood pressure
  7. Produce Erythropoietin
  8. Metabolism of Vitamin D (convert inactive to active)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a nephron?

A

a microscopic functional unit of kidney - approx 1 million per kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a nephron consists of?

A
  • glomerulus
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • Nephron Loop/Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  • Collecting duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three process of the formation of urine?

A
  1. Glomerular - filtration
  2. Tubular - reabsorption
  3. Tubular - secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the make up of the glomerular capsule visceral layer?

A
  1. Basement membrane
  2. Podocyte
  3. Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus (only positive charged molecules can go through urea and ions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens during filtration process?

A
  1. Movement of H2O and solutes from blood into filtrate under pressure.
  2. The rate at which the kidney/nephron filters blood is known as the GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)
  3. The filtrate passing into the proximal convoluted tubule contains everything in the blood EXCEPT red and white blood cells, platelets and large proteins e.g. Albumin
  4. Filtrate contains: glucose, amino acids, wastes, vitamins, electrolytes, nutrients, water (basically plasma minus proteins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate GFR?

A

Approx 125ml/minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Auto - regulation - what happens if pressure is high?

A

Afferent arteriole constricts to reduce pressure entering glomerulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Auto - regulation - what happens if the efferent pressure is low?

A

efferent arteriole constricts to increase pressure in glomerulus.

Low pressure in afferent arteriole also stimulates release of renin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In tubular reabsorption what happens to useful substances?

A

Water and useful substances returned to blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In tubular reabsorption where does selective process begin?

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In tubular absorption what happens to Na+?

A

It is actively reabsorbed from filtrate into blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In tubular absorption what happens to H2O, some ions and nutrients?

A

It is passively reabsorbed

via osmosis, diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is transport maximum (Tm)

A

The maximum amount of substance that can be reabsorbed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens if glucose exceeds its Tm?

A

It is lost in urine - glycosuria. Diabetes type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the main area of reabsorption?

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does Aldosterone influence reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

Affects the movement of Na+ and H2) (remember water follows sodium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does ADH affect permeability of collecting ducts?

A

ADH helps to reabsorb water or increase water loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does active removal of unwanted substances/water from the blood occur?

A

All along the tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does potassium K+ get filtered?

A

In proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in exchange for Na+
Plus hydrogen ions H+, K+, ammonium, creatinine, drugs

22
Q

What is the chemical composition of urine?

A

95% water
5% solutes

urea 2.5-6.5 mmol/plasma
sodium, potassium, phosphate and sulphate

Creatinine 70-120 mmol/l plasma

uric acid.

23
Q

Why do we clinically measure urea and creatinine?

A

Indicates level of renal function

24
Q

Why do we change doses of drugs because of kidneys?

A

Doses may be altered to stop renal dysfunction.

25
Q

One of the main functions of the kidneys is to make adjustment to maintain body fluid at what mOsm?

A

300

1 osmol = 1 mole of particle per kg H2O

26
Q

What is the vasa recta preserve gradient?

A

The ability of the vasa recta to maintain the medullary interstitial gradient is flow dependent. A substantial increase in vasa recta blood flow dissipates the medullary gradient. Alternatively, decreased blood flow reduces oxygen delivery to the nephron segments within the medulla.

27
Q

What does the anti-diuretic hormone do?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone helps to control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and the blood vessels. Its most important role is to conserve the fluid volume of your body by reducing the amount of water passed out in the urine.

28
Q

When would more ADH be released?

A

ADH is normally released by the pituitary in response to sensors that detect an increase in blood osmolality (number of dissolved particles in the blood) or decrease in blood volume. The kidneys respond to ADH by conserving water and producing urine that is more concentrated.

29
Q

What happens when ADH levels decrease?

A

Low levels of anti-diuretic hormone will cause the kidneys to excrete too much water. Urine volume will increase leading to dehydration and a fall in blood pressure.

30
Q

What is renin-angiotensin system?

A

The RAAS functions to elevate blood volume and arterial tone in a prolonged manner. It does this by increasing sodium reabsorption, water reabsorption, and vascular tone.

31
Q

How does the renin angiotensin system increase blood pressure?

A

Renin converts angiotensinogen, which is produced in the liver, to the hormone angiotensin I. An enzyme known as ACE or angiotensin-converting enzyme found in the lungs metabolizes angiotensin I into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict and blood pressure to increase.

32
Q

How do kidneys regulate acid base balance?

A

The kidneys help maintain the acid–base balance by excreting hydrogen ions into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate from the urine.

33
Q

What is the normal ph of blood?

A

(7.35-7.45),

34
Q

What happens if there is a lot of H+ in blood?

A

The blood becomes acidic and has a lower pH

35
Q

What happens if there is more OH- (Hydroxide) in the blood?

A

The blood becomes alkaline the pH is higher.

36
Q

What is acid-base balance?

A

Your blood needs the right balance of acidic and basic (alkaline) compounds to function properly. This is called the acid-base balance. Your kidneys and lungs work to maintain the acid-base balance.

37
Q

What is the acid base balance buffers?

A

Bicarbonates in blood and phosphate in cells act like sponges and soak up excess of H+ or OH- ions.

38
Q

How does the respiratory system/lungs compensate the acid base balance?

A

Respiratory system detects changes in H+ concentration. If high, respiratory rate increases and H+ is breathed out as CO2

39
Q

How does the renal system/kidneys compensate the acid base balance?

A

If pH falls (acidosis) secrete H+ into urine (and bicarbonate tops up the buffers)
In the tubules H+ combines with a buffer and is excreted in the urine (ammonia)

OPPOSITE IF ALKALOTIC

40
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues.

41
Q

What does erythropoietin (EPO) stimulate?

A

Bone marrow to produce red blood cells (erythropoiesis)

42
Q

What causes the production of erythropoietin (EPO) ?

A

Hypoxaemia

an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood.

43
Q

What is the principal carrier of oxygen to the cells?

A

Haemoglobin (Hb)

44
Q

How is calcium and phosphorus concentrations is managed?

A

Maintaining normal blood calcium and phosphorus concentrations is managed through the concerted action of three hormones that control fluxes of calcium in and out of blood and extracellular fluid: Parathyroid hormone serves to increase blood concentrations of calcium.

45
Q

What is the kidney’s role in Ca2+ homeostasis?

A

Kidney’s role in Ca2 + homeostasis is through reabsorption of Ca2+ and the metabolism of Vitamin D into an active form.

46
Q

What happens when Ca2+ is reabsorbed?

A

Phosphate is excreted.

47
Q

What happens if plasma Ca2+ low and the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Increases Ca2+ absorption from the kidney and the gastro intestinal tract (GIT)
Releases Ca2 from the bones to maintain plasma Ca2+

48
Q

What happens when Vitamin D is obtained from sunlight?

A

It is converted in the skin to form modified cholesterol.

49
Q

What happens after the kidneys have converted Vitamin D into the active form?

A

Active D stimulates the absorption of Ca2+ from GIT and maintains normal blood Ca2+ levels

50
Q

What is Ca2+ needed for?

A

Strong bones and teeth
Normal transmission of nerve impulse
Normal muscle contraction
blood clotting

51
Q

In addition to maintaining fluid homeostasis in the body the urinary system controls (what)

A

the urinary system controls red blood cell production by secreting the hormone erythropoietin. The urinary system also plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure by secreting the enzyme renin

52
Q

What are the 7 functions of the kidneys?

A 
Regulation of extracellular fluid volume. The kidneys work to ensure an adequate quantity of plasma to keep blood flowing to vital organs.
Regulation of osmolarity. ...
Regulation of ion concentrations. ...
Regulation of pH. ...
Excretion of wastes and toxins. ...
Production of hormones

Renal System (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions