Renal Stuff

Question 1

The movement of particles from blood vessels to nephron is …

Answer 1

secretion

Question 2

The movement of particles from the nephron to the blood vessel is …

Answer 2

absorption

Question 3

This occurs at the glomerular capsule and glomerulus capillaries …

Answer 3

filtration

Question 4

What is secreted passively out of the PCT into the peritubular capillary?

Answer 4

Water (H20), K+, HCO3-

Question 5

What is secreted actively out of the PCT into the peritubular capillary?

Answer 5

NaCl, glucose

Question 6

What is secreted passively out of the peritubular capillary into the PCT?

Answer 6

NH3

Question 7

What is secreted actively out of the peritubular capillary into the PCT?

Answer 7

H+

Question 8

Where do most of the water (H2O) and Na+ reabsorption occur?

Answer 8

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Question 9

What occurs near the lumen (apical surface) of the PCT?
(during reabsorption)

Answer 9

Na+/Glucose symporter

Question 10

What occurs near the basal surface of the PCT?
(during reabsorption)

Answer 10

Na+/K+ pump
glucose exits via facilitated diffusion

Thus, Na+ enters the blood vessel, K+ exits the blood vessel and glucose enters the blood vessel

Question 11

Know the countercurrent multiplier system.
but really dam good

Answer 11

(know it)

Question 12

Know the countercurrent exchange system

Answer 12

(know it)

Question 13

Which of the following is not true about Urea?

a) It is produced in the liver
b) It is released into the blood
c) It is highly toxic and highly reactive
d) It is water-soluble

Answer 13

c) it is highly toxic and reactive,

Urea is actually non-toxic and low reactive. NH3, the nitrogenous waste that is turned into urea is highly reactive and toxic.

Question 14

How is urea made?

Answer 14

NH3 is converted into urea in the liver by the urea cycle.

Question 15

Which is correct about the goal of the urinary system?

a) to dilute urine and maximize H2O loss
b) to concentrate filtrate and minimize H2O gain
c) to concentrate urine and minimize H2O loss
d) None of the above

Answer 15

c) to concentrate urine and minimize H2O loss

Question 16

What happens under diuretic conditions?

Answer 16

increase urine volume/output;
increase H2O in renal tubules
decrease H2O in blood vessels

thus, decrease blood pressure

Question 17

What happens under antidiuretic conditions?

Answer 17

decrease urine volume/ output.
decrease H2O in renal tubules
increase H2O in blood vessels

thus, increase blood pressure

Question 18

What effect does ADH have?

Answer 18

ADH increases the number of urea transporters;
leading to more urea coming out and making the medulla more hypertonic;
H2O leaving the nephron (from the collecting duct; descending loop of henle, and descending vasa recta);
water enters the blood vessel (ascending vasa recta);
water reabsorption (increase blood pressure)

Question 19

Describe volume regulation for concentrated urine. What is the stimulus?

Answer 19

Stimulus:
1. Low water intake (dehydration)
2. High salt intake

• increases concentration in blood
• signals the hypothalamus
• signals the posterior pituitary
• increase ADH
• signals the kidneys
• increase water reabsorption in blood vessel
  (blood volume increases & BP increases)
• less water in the urine, (concentrated urine)

Question 20

Describe volume regulation for diluted urine. What is the stimulus?

Answer 20

Stimulus:
1. Low salt intake
2. High water intake (overhydration)

• decrease concentration in blood (dilute blood)
• signals the hypothalamus
• decreases ADH
• signals the kidneys
• decreases water reabsorption in blood vessel (blood volume decreases & BP decreases)
• more water in the urine, (diluted urine)

Question 21

How does ADH affect AQP and Urea transporters?

Answer 21

ADH is known as Vasopressin. The posterior pituitary secretes it in response to dehydration.

ADH increases the number of urea transporters at the collecting duct;
it increases the number of AQP (water channels);
This allows for more urea to enter the medulla;
creates a hypertonic environment;
because of the hypertonic environment, water leaves the CD, desc LH, and Desc VR;
all the water enters the asc. VR;
water reabsorption, diluting blood, increasing BP

Question 22

what is the macula densa?

Answer 22

they detect blood volume changes, are activated by low blood volume, and are part of the thick ascending loop of henle.

Question 23

what are granular cells?

Answer 23

release enzyme called renin and are part of the afferent arteriole.

Question 24

Describe the RAA system

Answer 24

Macula densa cells detect low blood volume;

granular cells are activated and release the enzyme renin (made by the liver);

Renin catalyzes the reaction from angiotensinogen (made by the liver) to angiotensin 1 (A.T.1);

Angiotensin becomes Angiotensin 2 with the help of the enzyme, A.C.E;

Angiotensin 2 activates the adrenal cortex;
adrenal cortex releases aldosterone;

Increase Na+ (salt) reabsorption;

increase water reabsorption;

increase blood volume;

increase blood pressure.

Question 25

what happens to the RAA system if Angiotensin 2 is inhibited?

Answer 25

Building/ Increase of Angiotensin 1 and Renin;

Blood volume decreases/ Blood pressure decreases.