Renal stones

Question 1

Name three risk factors for kidney stones

Answer 1

male sex, age, family history, comorbid conditions, diet, climate, fluid intake

Question 2

What type of diet promotes kidney stone formation?

Answer 2

high protein- low pH, low citrate, high oxalate, high salt, low calcium

Question 3

What is the most common composition of kidney stones?

Answer 3

calcium oxalate

Question 4

Name three types of renal stones

Answer 4

1. Calcium oxalate 2. Uric acid 3. Calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate 4. Struvite 5. Cysteine

Question 5

Three features of renal stone presentation

Answer 5

renal colic from loin to groin, haematuria, infection/sepsis

Question 6

Which gold standard imaging is performed in renal stone investigation?

Answer 6

CT KUB- non contrast

Question 7

Name three indications for surgical removal of kidney stones?

Answer 7

1. Uncontrollable pain 2. Fever/ signs of sepsis 3. Renal failure due to obstructing stone 4. Solitary kidney with ureteric stones/bilateral stones

Question 8

Name two other differentials you should be aware of upon loin to groin pain presentation?

Answer 8

AAA, appenditicits, gynae pathology

Question 9

In which cancer might you see uric acid renal stone formation?

Answer 9

leukaemia