Renal stone and Hematuria Flashcards
renal calculi
kidney stones
predisposing of renal calculi
inadequate drainage
excess of normal constituents in the urine
lack of inhibitors of stone formation
presence of abnormal constituents in the urine
common causes of an increase in serum calcium are
hyperparathyroidism and prolonged immobilization
common cause of an increase in serum uric acid are
gout but also chemotherapy for leukaemia, lymphoma or polycythaemia
common cause of an increase in serum oxalate
increased dietary intake strawberries rhubarb leafy vegetable tea
complication of loss of the terminal ileum
hyperoxaluria ( excessive urinary excretion of oxalate )
inhibitors of stone formation
low levels of citrate and magnesium in the urine
make calcium complexes less soluble which
promotes calcium oxalate and phosphate stone
formation
three most common stones
oxalate phosphate and urate
predisposing factors for stones
uti
foreign bodies
vitamin a deficiency
cystinuria
most common stone
oxalate accounts for 60% of renal stones
look of oxalate stones
hard with a sharp spiky surface traumatizes the urinary tract epithelium causes bleeding that usually colors
the stone a dark brown or black
account for 33% of renal stones
phosphate stones
look of phosphate stones
hard white and chalky produce the large stag horn calculus composed of a mixture of calcium, ammonium and magnesium phosphate (‘triple phosphate stone’)
account for 10% of renal stones
urate stones
look of urate stones
moderately hard and brown in colour with a smooth surface pure uric acid stones are radiolucent but fortunately or diagnosis most contain enough calcium
to render them opaque to X-rays
account for about 1% of renal stones
cystine stones
