Renal Regulation of pH

Question 1

What are the roles of the kidney in acid-base regulation?

Answer 1

1. Excretion of H+
2. Reclamations the bicarbonate ions present in the ultrafiltrate
3. Excretion of titratable acid
4. Excretion of ammonia

Question 2

What is anion gap?

Answer 2

• Calculated as the difference between measured cations and measured anions
  = unmeasured anions

Question 3

What is metabolic acidosis?

Answer 3

Primary bicarbonate deficit

Question 4

What is metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 4

Primary bicarbonate excess

Question 5

What are the stages of compensatory mechanisms?

Answer 5

1. Uncompensated
2. partially compensated
3. Fully compensated

Question 6

What are the causes of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 6

1. Increased production of hydrogen ions
2. Impaired excretion of hydrogen ions
3. Loss of bicarbonate ions from GIT or urine

Question 7

What is the major buffer of the extracellular fluid?

Answer 7

Bicarbonate buffer

Question 8

Parameters required to assess acid base status are all except 
A. bicarbonate
B. PaCO2
C. Pa02
D. pH

Answer 8

C. Pa02

Question 9

What is the first line of defense against change in pH of blood is:
A. buffer system
B. respiratory mechanism
C: renal mechanism
D: cardiac function

Answer 9

A. buffer system

Question 10

Titrable acidity of urine is due to:
A. uric acid
B: sulfuric acid
C: sodium dihydrogen phosphate
D: ammonia

Answer 10

C. sodium dihydrogen phosphate

Question 11

Metabolic acidosis is defined as
A. Primary alkali excess
B. Primary carbonic acid excess
C. Primary alkali deficit
D. Primary carbonic acid definit

Answer 11

C. Primary alkali deficit

Question 12

The term alkali reserve of the blood is used to denote plasma \_\_\_\_\_\_ level
A. phosphate
B. hemoglobin
C. bicarbonate
D. protein

Answer 12

C. bicarbonate

Question 13

The major cation of intracellular fluid is
A. sodium
B. potassium
C. calcium
D. magnesium

Answer 13

B. potassium

Question 14

Example for volatile acid is 
A. acetoacetic acid
B. 3 hydroxy butyric acid
C. carbonic acid
D. lactic acid

Answer 14

C. carbonic acid

Question 15

What are the causes of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 15

1. loss of gastric juice along with H+ ions as in:
   a) prolonged vomiting
   b) nasogastric suction etc.
2. Therapeutic administration of large doe of alkali
   - chronic intake of excess antacids
   - intravenous administration of bicarbonate etc.