Renal Physiology Part 2

Question 1

What are the three defenses against pH change in the body.

Answer 1

1) Buffering Systems of the body 2) Respiratory Response 3) Renal response

Question 2

What is the respiratory response

Answer 2

Elimination of PCO2 (Volatile Acid) Take 3-12 minutes to work

Question 3

What is renal response

Answer 3

Excretion of H+ (or reabsorption) The slowest but the most powerful

Question 4

What two things can alter a persons physiological pH

Answer 4

1) Diet (A.A/Fatty acids) 2) Metabolism

Question 5

Any substance that can reversibly bind H+ is considered a

Answer 5

Buffer

Question 6

Buffer systems are considered the _____line of defense to pH imbalance

Answer 6

FIRST

Question 7

Through manipulating the Henderson Hasslebatch equation, we say that pH in the ECF is equal to

Answer 7

pH = [HCO3-]/PCO2

Question 8

What organ has control over CO2 levels

Answer 8

LUNGS

Question 9

What organ has control over HCO3-

Answer 9

Kidneys

Question 10

CO2 is considered a

Answer 10

Volatile Acid

Question 11

Give three examples of ECF buffers

Answer 11

1) Bicarbonate buffer system 2) Inorganic Phosphates 3) Blood Proteins

Question 12

Four examples of intracellular buffers

Answer 12

1) Hemoglobin 2) ATP 3) ADP 4) Glucose-Phosphate

Question 13

Respiratory Compensation is considered the ____ line of defense against pH imbalance

Answer 13

Second Line

Question 14

What is the function of respiratory compensation

Answer 14

Compensate for changes in [HCO3-] levels. If we see a decrease in [HCO3-], we hyperventilate to breath the PCO2 out

Question 15

Why is respiratory compensation a great tool

Answer 15

Because if someone is suffering from metabolic acidosis (meaning their [HCO3-] level are down) respiratory compensation can quickly act to buy the kidney time to fix pH.

Question 16

What is renal compensation

Answer 16

Kidney compensates for changes in the PCO2 by adjusting [HCO3-] reabsorption

Question 17

What mechanisms are associated with renal compensation

Answer 17

1) Secretion of H+ 2) Reasbsorption of filtered [HCO3-] 3) Production of new [HCO3-]

Question 18

Explain how HCO3- gets reabsorbed back into our blood stream

Answer 18

HCO3- + H go from the tubule lumen into the cell of the PCT and re associate as carbonic acid and then degrading back into HCO3- + H. Once degraded, HCO3- enters the blood stream.

Question 19

What part of the nephron is 80-90% of bicarbonate reabsorption occurring

Answer 19

PCT

Question 20

What is secreted into the the alpha intercalcated cells of the distal tubule.

Answer 20

H+

Question 21

How is H+ excreted out once the urine has reached an acidity of 4.5

Answer 21

Ammonia buffering Phosphate buffering

Question 22

At the collecting duct of the nephron what occurs

Answer 22

1 Bicarbonate is reabsorbed 1 H+ is secreted

Question 23

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 23

Increase in [H+] and decrease in [HCO3-]

Question 24

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 24

Decrease in [H+] and increase in [HCO3-]

Question 25

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 25

Increase in PCO2

Question 26

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 26

Decrease in PCO2

Question 27

Metabolic Disturbance requires what kind of compensation

Answer 27

1) Respiratory Compensation (first) 2) Renal Compensation (Second)

Question 28

Respiratory Disturbance requires what type of compensation

Answer 28

1) Renal Response REMEMBER: CANNOT FIX A BREATHING PROBLEM BY A BREATHING SOLUTION

Question 29

Summary of metabollic and respiratory disturbances:

Answer 29

Question 30

Vomiting can lead to a loss of what:

Answer 30

H+

Question 31

Hypokalemia can lead to

Answer 31

Loss of H+

Question 32

Bicarbonate reabsorption can be driven by what two hormones

Answer 32

Angiotensin - II Aldosterone

Question 33

Normal pH level

Answer 33

7.38-7.42

Question 34

Normal HCO3- level

Answer 34

22-28

Question 35

Normal PCO2

Answer 35

Between 38-42

Question 36

Production of new HCO3-

Answer 36

(ammonia/titratable acid excretion)