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Daniella > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Fabry disease?

A

Deficiency in α-galactosidase

Fabry disease is a type of lysosomal storage disease.

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2
Q

What is the primary treatment for Gaucher disease?

A

Enzyme replacement therapy / bone marrow transplantation / stem cell transplantation

Gaucher disease results from a deficiency in β-galactocerebrosidase.

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3
Q

What enzyme is lost in Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Hexosaminidase A

Tay-Sachs disease is another lysosomal storage disease.

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4
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modification, packaging, and transport of proteins

The Golgi apparatus processes substances received from the ER.

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5
Q

What are the two subunits of ribosomes?

A

Large subunit (60S) and small subunit (40S)

Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis.

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6
Q

What do gap junctions allow?

A

Chemical substances to pass between cells

Gap junctions are crucial for intercellular communication.

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7
Q

What proteins are associated with focal adhesions?

A

Actin filaments

Focal adhesions play an important role in cell movement.

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8
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Half-desmosomes that attach cells to the basal lamina

Hemidesmosomes connect intracellularly to intermediate filaments.

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9
Q

What proteins are involved in desmosomes?

A

Cadherins

Desmosomes prevent tissues from fraying.

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10
Q

What characterizes the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

A

Studded with ribosomes

RER is involved in protein synthesis and intracellular transportation.

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11
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

A

Lipid & cholesterol synthesis, stores calcium, detoxification

SER lacks ribosomes.

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12
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

Water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases

The cytoplasm is the site of most cellular metabolic reactions.

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13
Q

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

A

Proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, other lipids, carbohydrates

The membrane is semipermeable and about 7.5 to 10 nanometers thick.

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14
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

A model describing the cell membrane structure

It consists of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins dispersed within.

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15
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Channels, pores, carrier proteins, enzymes, receptors

Integral proteins are embedded in the cell membrane.

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16
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

Determines permeability of the bilayer

Cholesterol helps maintain membrane fluidity.

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17
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Impermeable junctions that prevent leakage

Found in intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barrier.

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18
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

Site of cellular respiration where ATP is produced

Mitochondria have their own DNA and are thought to have originated from aerobic bacteria.

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19
Q

How many base pairs does human mitochondrial DNA contain?

A

Approximately 16,500

Mitochondrial DNA codes for 13 protein subunits.

20
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Detoxification of harmful substances

Peroxisomes contain oxidase enzymes and catalase.

21
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear membrane?

A

Double membrane that is selectively permeable

Nuclear pores allow mRNA and ribosomes to exit the nucleus.

22
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Synthesis of ribosomes

Nucleoli are prominent in growing cells.

23
Q

What are cilia?

A

Short, hair-like cellular extensions

Cilia help move substances through passageways.

24
Q

What is the role of centrioles?

A

Help in organizing cell division

Centrioles are made of bundles of microtubules.

25
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Alpha and beta tubulin

Microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton and help in cell shape and movement.

26
Q

What do intermediate filaments provide?

A

Support and flexibility to the cell

They connect the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.

27
Q

What are microfilaments primarily made of?

A

Globular proteins, primarily actin

Microfilaments are important for cell structure and movement.

28
Q

What does filamentous (F) actin refer to?

A

Intact microfilaments

F actin is a polymerized form of actin that plays a crucial role in the cell’s structure and movement.

29
Q

What does globular (G) actin refer to?

A

Unpolymerized protein actin subunits

G actin can polymerize to form F actin, contributing to the formation of microfilaments.

30
Q

What is the role of actin filaments in the cell?

A

Interact with integrin receptors and form focal adhesion complexes

These interactions are essential for cell adhesion and communication with the extracellular matrix.

31
Q

What structural components are included as membranous structures of the cell?

A

Cell membrane, nuclear membrane, membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, membranes of the mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus

Membranous structures are vital for compartmentalization and function within the cell.

32
Q

What are examples of non-membranous structures in the cell?

A

Nucleolus, ribosomes, fat globules, glycogen granules, secretory vesicles

Non-membranous structures often play roles in protein synthesis and storage.

33
Q

What percentage of the cell’s composition do proteins account for?

A

10-20%

This includes structural proteins (filaments) and functional proteins (enzymes).

34
Q

What is the primary solvent for cellular chemicals?

A

Water (70-85%)

Water is essential for chemical reactions and is not present in fat cells.

35
Q

What ions are necessary for cellular reactions?

A

K, Mg, PO4, HCO3

These ions provide inorganic chemicals necessary for cellular control mechanisms.

36
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The study of disordered body function (i.e. disease)

It aims to understand the changes in normal physiological processes that lead to disease.

37
Q

What is the goal of physiology?

A

To explain the physical and chemical factors responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life

Understanding these factors is crucial for medical research and practice.

38
Q

List the branches of physiology.

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • Neurophysiology
  • Endocrine physiology
  • Reproductive physiology
  • Respiratory physiology
  • Renal physiology
  • Gastrointestinal physiology
  • Exercise physiology
  • Sports physiology
  • Environmental physiology

Each branch focuses on specific systems or functions within the body.

39
Q

What are lysosomes often referred to as?

A

“Suicide sacs”

This term reflects their role in digesting unwanted cell components.

40
Q

What is autolysis?

A

The process by which worn cell parts are digested by autophagy

Autophagy is a critical process for cellular maintenance and recycling.

41
Q

What is the definition of physiology?

A

The science concerned with the function of living organisms and their parts, and the physical and chemical processes involved

It encompasses molecular mechanisms underlying organ system functions and their regulation.

42
Q

What are the levels of structural organization in the body?

A
  • Systems
  • Organs
  • Tissues
  • Cells

These levels represent the complexity of biological organization, from the simplest unit (cell) to the entire organism.

43
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

A

Cell

Approximately 100 trillion cells make up the human body, varying in shape and function.

44
Q

Fill in the blank: The diameter of red blood cells (RBC) ranges from _______ micrometers.

A

7.5

RBCs are among the smallest cells in the human body.

45
Q

What is the diameter range of human cells?

A

7.5 micrometers (RBC) to 150 mm (ovum)

This range highlights the diversity in cell size across different types.

46
Q

What are the objectives students should achieve in learning about cell structure?

A
  • Define the levels of structural organization
  • Describe the cell
  • Describe the functions of cell organelles
  • Describe intercellular connections

These objectives help in understanding the complexity and functionality of cells.

Daniella (2 decks)

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