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PHYSL 210 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the word renal mean

A

Anything to do with the kidneys

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2
Q

What do the kidneys regulate

A

They regulate acid-base balance and blood volume and pressure through water concentration, fluid volume, and inorganic ion composition

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3
Q

What do kidneys excrete

A

Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin. They remove foreign chemicals such as drugs, food additives, and pesticides.

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4
Q

What do kidneys synthesize

A

Glucose through gluconeogenesis and this happens through prolonged periods of starvation

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5
Q

What do kidneys secrete

A

Hormones and enzymes such as erythropoietin, 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D, and renin

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6
Q

What is intracellular fluid

A

The fluid inside the cells that makes up 40% of the fluid content

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7
Q

What is extracellular fluid

A

Is the fluid outside of the cells and makes up 20%

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8
Q

Does sodium have a higher extracellular or intracellular concentration

A

It has a higher extracellular concentration

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9
Q

Does potassium have a higher extracellular or intracellular concentration

A

It has a higher intracellular concentration

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10
Q

Does magnesium have a higher extracellular or intracellular concentration

A

Magnesium has a higher intracellular concentration

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11
Q

Does chloride have a higher extracellular or intracellular concentration

A

Chloride has a higher extracellular concentration

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12
Q

When is diffusion used

A

For movement within short distance. Across membrane barriers. Chemical properties of cell membrane dictate the rate of diffusion. The chemical nature of molecules plays a role.

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13
Q

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is a process in which movement of molecules from once location to another occur because of their random thermal motion.

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14
Q

How does diffusion reach equilibrium.

A

There is initially higher concentration of molecules randomly moves toward lower concentration. Over time, solute molecules placed in solvent will evenly distribute themselves. Diffusional equilibrium is the result.

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15
Q

What is osmolarity

A

Osmolarity is the number of solutes per unit volume of solution expressed in moles per liter

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16
Q

What is osmosis

A

Net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high-water concentration to one with a lower water concentration.

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17
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

The pressure necessary to prevent movement (osmosis) is known as the osmotic pressure of the solution.

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18
Q

How do we reach osmotic equilibrium

A

It starts with a partitional wall between the compartments that is permeable to water only. After diffusional equilibrium has occurs and the movement of water only has equalized solute concentration. The opposing pressure required to stop osmosis completely is equal to osmotic pressure.

19
Q

What is tonicity

A

Tonicity is determined by the concentration of non-penetrating solutes (NPS) of an extracellular solution relative to the intracellular environment of a cell. The solute may influence changes in cell volume.

20
Q

What are extracellular solutes

A

Extracellular solutes that are non-penetrating solutes are sodium and chloride ions.

21
Q

What are intracellular solutes

A

Intracellular solutes that are non-penetrating solutes are potassium.

22
Q

What does isotonic mean

A

Same concentration of non-penetrating solutes outside and inside the cell; cell volume doesn’t change

23
Q

What does isoosmotic mean

A

The concept of solutes outside the cell without considering if they are non-penetrating or penetrating solutes.

24
Q

What does hypertonic mean

A

Higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes outside than inside the cell; cells shrink.

25
Q

Where does water flow

A

Water flows from lower osmolarity to higher osmolarity

26
Q

What does hypotonic mean

A

Lower concentration of non-penetrating solutes outside than inside of the cell; cells swell

27
Q

What is normal osmolarity

A

Normal osmolarity inside a cell is about 300 mOsm/L

28
Q

What is filtration

A

Movement of solute/water out of blood (plasma)

29
Q

What is absorption

A

Movement of solute/water into the blood (plasma)

30
Q

What is the factors that determine fluid movement along capillaries

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
Osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration

31
Q

What are the associated organs in the urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

32
Q

What is the anatomy of the kidney

A

Outer cortex
Inner medulla
Nephron

33
Q

What is the nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney. The parts of the nephron are the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule.

34
Q

What is the structure of the a nephron

A

Renal corpuscle is made up of the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus.
Proximal convoluted tube
Loop of Henle - made up of descending and ascending limb
Distal convoluted tube
Collecting duct

35
Q

How does the renal corpuscle work

A

It is a filtering unit and it allows blood to flow freely from the Bowman’s space and the glomerulus.

36
Q

How do renal corpuscles develop

A
  1. Nephrons develop as blind-ended tubules composed of single layer of simple epithelium
  2. Growing tuft of capillaries penetrate the expanded end of tubules. Basal lamina is trapped in between endothelial cells of capillaries and the epithelial layer. Epithelial layer differentiates into parietal and visceral layer.
  3. Parietal layer eventually flattened to become wall of Bowman’s capsule. Visceral layer becomes the podocyte cell layer.
37
Q

What is the anatomy of the renal corpuscle

A

It is a glomerular capillary which is made up of a fenestrated endothelial layer, basement membrane, and podocytes with filtration slits.

38
Q

Where are renal corpuscles found

A

All renal corpuscles are found in the cortex. The tubule will mostly be in the cortex, however, sometimes the loop of Henle will reach the medulla.

39
Q

What are the basic functions of the nephrons

A

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

40
Q

What are the types of nephrons

A

Cortical makes up of 85% of nephrons

Juxtamedullary makes up 15% of nephrons

41
Q

What are the roles of cortical nephrons

A

They are found in the cortex and they filtrate, reabsorbed, and secrete.

42
Q

What are the roles of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

They are found near the medullary section in the cortex. They filtrate, reabsorb, secrete and regulate the urine concentration

43
Q

What is the blood supply to the kidney

A

It is a very high blood flow.

44
Q

What are the three types of capillaries around the nephron

A
  1. Glomular
  2. Peritubular
  3. Vasa Recta

PHYSL 210 (4 decks)

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