Renal Physiology Flashcards
What does the word renal mean
Anything to do with the kidneys
What do the kidneys regulate
They regulate acid-base balance and blood volume and pressure through water concentration, fluid volume, and inorganic ion composition
What do kidneys excrete
Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin. They remove foreign chemicals such as drugs, food additives, and pesticides.
What do kidneys synthesize
Glucose through gluconeogenesis and this happens through prolonged periods of starvation
What do kidneys secrete
Hormones and enzymes such as erythropoietin, 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D, and renin
What is intracellular fluid
The fluid inside the cells that makes up 40% of the fluid content
What is extracellular fluid
Is the fluid outside of the cells and makes up 20%
Does sodium have a higher extracellular or intracellular concentration
It has a higher extracellular concentration
Does potassium have a higher extracellular or intracellular concentration
It has a higher intracellular concentration
Does magnesium have a higher extracellular or intracellular concentration
Magnesium has a higher intracellular concentration
Does chloride have a higher extracellular or intracellular concentration
Chloride has a higher extracellular concentration
When is diffusion used
For movement within short distance. Across membrane barriers. Chemical properties of cell membrane dictate the rate of diffusion. The chemical nature of molecules plays a role.
What is diffusion
Diffusion is a process in which movement of molecules from once location to another occur because of their random thermal motion.
How does diffusion reach equilibrium.
There is initially higher concentration of molecules randomly moves toward lower concentration. Over time, solute molecules placed in solvent will evenly distribute themselves. Diffusional equilibrium is the result.
What is osmolarity
Osmolarity is the number of solutes per unit volume of solution expressed in moles per liter
What is osmosis
Net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high-water concentration to one with a lower water concentration.
What is osmotic pressure
The pressure necessary to prevent movement (osmosis) is known as the osmotic pressure of the solution.
How do we reach osmotic equilibrium
It starts with a partitional wall between the compartments that is permeable to water only. After diffusional equilibrium has occurs and the movement of water only has equalized solute concentration. The opposing pressure required to stop osmosis completely is equal to osmotic pressure.
What is tonicity
Tonicity is determined by the concentration of non-penetrating solutes (NPS) of an extracellular solution relative to the intracellular environment of a cell. The solute may influence changes in cell volume.
What are extracellular solutes
Extracellular solutes that are non-penetrating solutes are sodium and chloride ions.
What are intracellular solutes
Intracellular solutes that are non-penetrating solutes are potassium.
What does isotonic mean
Same concentration of non-penetrating solutes outside and inside the cell; cell volume doesn’t change
What does isoosmotic mean
The concept of solutes outside the cell without considering if they are non-penetrating or penetrating solutes.
What does hypertonic mean
Higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes outside than inside the cell; cells shrink.
