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Renal Physiology > Renal Phys. Functional Overview > Flashcards

Renal Phys. Functional Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary fxn of the kidneys?

A

Regulates the composition of the ECF.

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2
Q

What are 6 regulatory fxns the kidneys maintain?

A
  1. Blood Volume
  2. ECF volume
  3. Systemic arterial BP
  4. Hematocrit
  5. Acid-base balance
  6. Plasma conc. of electrolytes, minerals, metabolic waste, water.
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3
Q

Define azotemia.

A

Inc. nitrogenous waste in blood

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4
Q

Most energy use by the kidneys is for……?

A

Reabsorbing Na

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5
Q

Where does filtration occur in the kidneys?

A

Glomerulus

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6
Q

Where does re-absorption and secretion occur in the kidneys?

A

Tubules

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7
Q

Explain the steps of reabsorption.

A
  1. Remove substances from tubular lumen across the epithelial layer to the interstitium
  2. Movement into blood from interstitium
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8
Q

Why are there 2 capillary beds in the kidneys?

A
  1. Produces filtrate

2. For reabsorption

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9
Q

What drives Glomerular Filtration?

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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10
Q

Define filtration fraction.

A

“the fraction of plasma flowing through the glomerulus that is diverted into Bowmans space by filtration”

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11
Q

Which is correct?
A. As filtration fraction inc., the Starling forces promoting re-absorption of fluid into the peritubuar capillaries inc.
B. As the filtration fraction dec., the Starling forces promoting re-absorption of fluid into the peritubular capillaries inc.

A

A. Starling forces promoting re-absorption increase.

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12
Q

Define specific gravity.

A

the density of a urine sample compared to the density of water
water =1 as you go above 1 more dense urine

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13
Q

What do the following USG values mean?
A. -1.001
B -1.050

A

A. more water than solute

B. more solute than water

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14
Q

List some key factors needed to develop the concentration gradient.

A
  • slow blood flow through medulla of filtrate and blood
  • differential permeabilities of tubular segments in Henles loop (water, salt)
  • smaller amts of filtrate to modify
  • water movement through collecting ducts.
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15
Q

Matching:
permeable, impermeable, variable (to water)
proximal, distal, collecting

A

Proximal=Permeable
Distal=impermeable
Collecting=variable

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16
Q

What hormone is produced by the kidney in response to low tissue oxygenation?

A

Erythropoietin (glycoprotein) produced in renal peritubular fibroblast-like type 1 interstitial cells

17
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate?

A

RBC production in bone marrow

18
Q

What is the function of calcitriol?

A

facilitates release of Ca and P from bone, and absorption from GI tract
cell growth

19
Q

Where is calcitriol produced?

A

Precursor in the liver (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) then formed in proximal tubules by 1-alpha hydroxylation.

20
Q

What enzyme is released by the kidneys to inc. retention of NaCl?

A

Renin

21
Q

What does renin regulate?

A

Extracellular volume

Arterial BP

22
Q

Where is renin produced?

A

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

23
Q

What is the RAAS cascade?

A

Renin release from kidney–> Angiotensin I –> ACE and other enyzmes–> Angiotension II–> AT 1/2 Receptor (1 stimulates Aldosterone release)

24
Q

Aldosterone:where is it produced? its target? and effect?

A

Produced in the adrenal gland, targets the distal tubules and collecting duct, conserves Na and water, K+ secretion –> inc. BP

25
Q

What effects do Angiotensin have?

A

Inc. vasoconstriction –> inc. BP, overlong term can cause fibrosis

26
Q

Renal innervation is predominantly what type of fibers?

A

Alpha-adrenergic sympathetic

27
Q

What are the three main innervation sites in the kidney and what are the effects?

A
  1. Renal arterioles –> Preglomerular vasoconstriction (can stop urine production during symp. activation)
  2. Renal tubular epithelium–>Inc. Na pump activity
  3. Juxtaglomerular apparatus –>renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells

i.e. kidneys dont detect pain, ex. stone dont feel until swells and pressure is put on capsule

Renal Physiology (6 decks)

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