Renal Phys

Question 1

Afferent constriction

Answer 1

lowers GFR and RBF

Question 2

Efferent constriction

Answer 2

raises GFR, lowers RBF

Question 3

Afferent and efferent constriction

Answer 3

=GFR, lower RBF

Question 4

Myogenic response

Answer 4

Autoregulatory dilation/constriction of aff/eff renal smm. Keeps RBF/GFR constant between 50-180

Question 5

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Answer 5

Macula densa senses salt change; afferent constriction/dilation to maximize RBF/GFR and prevent ion loss/overload

Question 6

Renin-AT-Aldo system

Answer 6

Increased sympathetics, decreased perfusion, decreased salt in macula densa then renin released
- Renin: AT–> AT-1
ACE: AT1 –> AT2
AT2: Proximal reabs of Na / Vasoconstriction, Aldosterone activation

Question 7

Ureteric Bud

Answer 7

Derived from mesonephric ducts, form collecting structures.

Question 8

Metanephric Mesenchyme (blastema)

Answer 8

Derived from intermediate mesoderm; urine producing tissue. INDUCES DIFFERENTIATION

Question 9

Hydronephros

Answer 9

Kidney obstruction

Question 10

Pronephros/Meso/Meta

Answer 10

Pro: cervical nephrotomes, mostly non-functional
meso: metanephric duct; testes
Meta: permanent kidney

Question 11

Potter Sequence

Answer 11

Complication of bilateral renal agenesis; sometimes also caused by ARPKD.
POTTER= pulm/oligohydr/twisted face/twisted skin/extremity defects/renal failure

Question 12

Horseshoe kidney

Answer 12

blocked ascent by IMA. Associated w/ hydronephrosis (obstruction), stones, aneuploidy chromosomal

Question 13

Unilateral Agenesis renal

Answer 13

ureteric bud —x mesonephric duct. end up w/ only 1. usually okay, renal failure very late in life

Question 14

pelvic/pancake kidney

Answer 14

iliac artery split

Question 15

congenital virilizing hyperplasia

Answer 15

(adrenogenital syndrome) female pseudohermaphroditism, lack of cortisol production from adrenal & thus no negative feedback

Question 16

congenital PKD

Answer 16

linked w/ oligohydramnios.
AR: presents in infants- renal failure, HTN, sometimes Potter sequence
AD: presents in adults- htn (inc renin), renal fialure. BERRY ANEURISM, APKD1/2 genes

Question 17

Bladder development

Answer 17

1) Septum comes down to divide into –> ventral UG sinus & dorsal rectum
2) Exstrophy occurs (mesonephric ducts & ureteric buds insert to bladder posterior wall)
3) Bladder (continuous w/ allantois) forms urachus

Question 18

Urachal fistula, cyst, sinus

Answer 18

allantois doesn’t completely –> urachus.

Bladder is open to the outside and urine will spill through pore

Question 19

Exstrophy of bladder

Answer 19

protrusion through abdominal wall

Question 20

Epispadia/hypospadia

Answer 20

In exstrophy, the urethra opens on dorsal/ventral penis

Question 21

Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme forms

Answer 21

CT/ Smm

Question 22

Paraxial mesoderm forms

Answer 22

Head and somites

Question 23

Mesonephric vs paramesonephric ducts

Answer 23

meso-male
para-female
form reproductive systems, other apoptoses