Renal Pathology

Question 1

what does the BUN/Creatine ratio have to be to be pre renal problems

Answer 1

> 20

Question 2

what kind of casts are seen in nephrotic syndrome

Answer 2

fatty casts

Question 3

why is there hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome

Answer 3

because of the lack of transfer proteins

Question 4

what is one of the first proteins to be lost in nephrotic syndrome

Answer 4

antithrombin 3

Question 5

what makes the glomerulus negative in charge

Answer 5

antithrombin 3

Question 6

what casts are found in nephritic syndrome

Answer 6

RBC and neutrophil

Question 7

azotemia is seen in nephritic syndrome why

Answer 7

because the nitrogenous waste builds up in the system due to the decreased GFR

Question 8

the 5 nephritic syndromes

Answer 8

Alport syndrome
IgA Nephropathy
Acute strep glomerulonephritis
rapidly progressive GN
membranoproliferazive GN

Question 9

5 nephrotic syndromes

Answer 9

-Diabetic GN
-Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
-Minimal Change disease
Membranous nephropathy
-Amyloidosis

Question 10

erythropoietin is made where in the kidney

Answer 10

in the peritubular capillaries

Question 11

respiratory alkalosis is fixed with what drug class

Answer 11

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 12

what are the two drugs that fix respiratory alkalosis and make the blood more acidic by not allowing the reabsorption of HCO3

Answer 12

1. Azetozolamide

2. Dorzolamide

Question 13

what are UDE of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 13

1. kidney stones

Question 14

name the four loop diuretics

Answer 14

1. Furosemide
2. Ethacrinic Acid
3. Torsemide
4. Bumetanide

Question 15

which loop diuretic has the least amount of sulfa

Answer 15

Ethacrinic Acid

Question 16

what is a UDE of loop diuretics

Answer 16

electrolyte imbalance because electrolytes are left in the tubules because these are antihypertensive drugs

Question 17

where do thiazide diuretics work

Answer 17

distal convoluted tubule

Question 18

what pump do thiazide diuretics work on

Answer 18

Ca+/Na+ counter transporter

Question 19

what pump do thiazide diuretics activate

Answer 19

Ca+/Ca+ pump

Question 20

what are two UDE of thiazides

Answer 20

hyponatremia

hypercalcemia

Question 21

which drugs are given to decrease the chance of kidney stones

Answer 21

thiazides

Question 22

which diuretics can block the beta cells in the pancreas and cause hyperglycemia and should not be used in diabetic patients

Answer 22

thiazide diuretics

Question 23

what drugs block the aldosterone receptor

Answer 23

spironolactone and epleronon

Question 24

what causes the sodium/potassium pump to run faster and places more potassium in BV

Answer 24

potassium sparing diuretics

Question 25

where is angiotensinogen found

Answer 25

the liver

Question 26

where is angiotensin converting enzyme located

Answer 26

the lungs

Question 27

what turns angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1

Answer 27

renin

Question 28

what are the normal potassium levels in the blood

Answer 28

3.5-5.0

Question 29

low potassium can cause what

Answer 29

arrhythmia

Question 30

Loop diuretics are prescribed with what

Answer 30

potassium sparing

Question 31

what are the two treatments for scabies

Answer 31

albendazole | permethrin

Question 32

what causes T wave depression

Answer 32

decreased K+

Question 33

what causes T wave elevation

Answer 33

increased K+

Question 34

what potassium sparing diuretics block the Na/K pump so that K+ is reabsorbed

Answer 34

Amioloride and Triemterene

Question 35

Fanoni Disease is associated with

Answer 35

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 36

Barters Disease is caused by what

Answer 36

loop diuretics

Question 37

Gittleman Disease is caused by

Answer 37

thiazide diuretics

Question 38

little syndrome is corrected by what drugs

Answer 38

potassium sparing diuretics | `

Question 39

what are normal sodium levels

Answer 39

137

Question 40

normal creatinine

Answer 40

.8-1.4

Question 41

what is used to measure kidney perfusion

Answer 41

PAH " Para Aminhippuric acid" | 20% is filtered and 80% is reabsorbed

Question 42

what percentage of creatinine is filtered

Answer 42

80% and 20% is secreted

Question 43

what two things are 100% filtered

Answer 43

inulin and mannitol

Question 44

what is known to cause a "flushing effect" in the kidney

Answer 44

mannitol

Question 45

what is good to use for poisoning or myoglobin seen in crush injuries

Answer 45

mannitol

Question 46

normal GFR

Answer 46

120-125ml/min

Question 47

kf represents what

Answer 47

permeability in the basement membrane of the kidney

Question 48

what are the first parts of the kidney that are affected in diabetes

Answer 48

the peritubular capillaries

Question 49

Renal plasma flow =?

Answer 49

RBF(1-Hct)

Question 50

how can NSAIDs affect the kidney

Answer 50

because they can decrease the prostaglandins in the afferent arteriole, causing the vessel to vasoconstrictor

Question 51

floxacin ending is a what

Answer 51

antibiotic

Question 52

where are glucose and amino acids 100% reabsorbed in the kidney

Answer 52

PCT

Question 53

if glucose isn't reabsorbed in the PCT what happens

Answer 53

Diabetes

Question 54

what happens when all PCT pumps fail after a patient takes old tetracycline, amino glycoside,valproic acid, or cisplatin and acute renal failure occurs

Answer 54

Fanconi Syndrome

Question 55

what 5 pathologies can exist with fanconi syndrome as well

Answer 55

``` Wilsons Disease Tyrosinemia Galactose Intolerance Fructose Intolerance Cystinosis ```

Question 56

valproic acid is for

Answer 56

seizures and manic/bipolar episodes

Question 57

what presents with overactive sodium/potassium pumps and has hypokalemia, hypertension, metabolic alkalosis, low aldosterone levels due to high BP

Answer 57

Liddle Syndrome

Question 58

what drugs is good for glaucoma and GFR measurement

Answer 58

mannitol