Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam 1 Electrolytes: Renal: Diuretics: CKD & ESRD > Renal Patho > Flashcards

Renal Patho Flashcards

1
Q

how many nephrons does the kidney have?

A

1 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are some functions of the kidney?

A
  1. control solutes/fluids
  2. BP control
  3. acid/base balance
  4. drug metabolism & excretion
  5. metabolic waste excretion
  6. endocrine functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how much filtrate is produced in the bowmans capsule?

A

100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how much filtrate is reabsorbed in the PT and what kind?

A
  • active and passive reabsorption
  • 80%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how much is reabsorbed and what is in the loop of henle?

A
  • 6%
  • H20 and salt conservation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how much is reabsorbed in the DT and what type?

A
  • variable reabsorption, active secretion
  • 9%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how much is reabsorbed in the CT and what?

A
  • 4%
  • variable salt and H@0 reabsorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how much volume does the urine have?

A

1 % total filtrate volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the water permeability of the PCT and how much Na/K/Ca is reabsorbed?

A
  • very high
  • 65%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of the straight segments of the PT and what is the water permeability?

A
  • very high
  • secretion and reabsorption of organic acids and bases (uric acid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the water absorption for the thin loop of henle?

A

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the water permeability of the thick loop of henle and the amount of Na/K/Cl absorbed?

A
  • very low
  • 15-25%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the water permeability of the DCT and the percent of Na/K/Cl reabsorbed?

A
  • very low
  • 4-8%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the water permeability of the CCT and MCT? what is the MCT under control of?

A
  • variable for both
  • vasopressin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some measures of function?

A
  • SCr
  • BUN
  • CrCl
  • GFR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the markers of damage?

A

urinary abnormalities
- imaging abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the compensatory response to renal injury?

A

Renal Injury –> dec. nephrons –> compensatory inc. in size/ function of remaining nephrons –> glom/tub lesions –> large loss of nehrons –> decrease in GFR –> azotemia –> uremic syndrome –> death

18
Q

what accounts for the MOST renal failure cases in the US and what percent?

A
  • HTN and diabetes
  • 60%
19
Q

what is the impact of AKI/AKF in hospitals and general?

A
  • 300,000 die from AKI
  • LOS inc. to 3.5 days
  • high cost
  • high death rate
20
Q

what is the patho and lab values of AKI?

A
  • inc. in SCr > or equal to 0.3 mg/dL within 48h
    OR
  • inc. in SCr >50% prior to 7 days
    OR
  • reduced urine output < 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 h
21
Q

what are the 3 types of AKI?

A
  1. prerenal
    - intrarenal
    - postrenal
22
Q

what are the major causes of intrinsic AKI?

A
  1. sepsis
  2. ischemia
    - nephrotoxins
23
Q

what are the most important parts of CKD in nephropathies?

A
  1. inc. glomerular cap pressure
  2. proteinuria
  3. glomerulosclerosis
24
Q

what are the key abnormalities in CKD-MBD?

A
  1. impaired phosphate excretion
  2. decreased production of 1.25 D3
25
Q

what is uremia?

A

accumulation of organic waste products

26
Q

what is nephritic syndrome?

A
  1. inflammation of disruption of glomerulus
  2. causes hematuria
27
Q

what is nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • podocyte damage leading to glomerular disruption
  • massive proteinuria
28
Q

what does nephrotic cause that nephritic doesn’t?

A

edema
proteinuria
low serum albumin

29
Q

what does nephritic cause that nephrotic doesn’t?

A

hematuria
- RBC clasts present

30
Q

what is glomerulonephritis and its secondary causes?

A
  1. has acute and chronic forms
    - secondary cause: infections. drugs. and autoimmune disorders
31
Q

what is the pathogenisis of glomerular diseases?

A
  1. antibody associated injury
    - cell mediated immune
  2. other mechanisms of injury
32
Q

what is pyelonephritis?

A
  • can cause acute and chronic forms
  • presents flank pain with painful urination
  • white cells in urine
  • may lead to sepsis
33
Q

what is the pathway of a UTI?

A
  1. colonization –> uroepithelium penetration –> ascension –> pyelonephritis –> AKI
34
Q

what is interstitial nephritis and causes?

A
  • undetected until causes significant decrease in renal function
  • CAUSES:
    – drugs (70-75%), mostly antibiotics
    – infection (4-10%)
35
Q

what antibiotics are associated with interstitial nephritis?

A

penicillins

36
Q

what is responsible for APKD in adults? what mutation?

A
  • most common form of cystic renal disease (DOMINANT)
  • PKD1 inherited or PKD2 gene in renal tubular cells
37
Q

what cystic kidney disease is in children that is rare and from what mutation?

A
  • APKD (recessive)
  • from mutation PKHD-1 fibrocystin
38
Q

what is nephrolithiasis and prevalence?

A
  • arises from supersaturation of solutes (calcium)
  • aka kidney stones
  • prevalence is 10% M and 5% W
39
Q

what are some symptoms of kidney stones?

A
  • hematuria
  • sharp, sudden; severe pain
40
Q

what is the frequency of different causes of nephrolithiasis for calcium, uric acid, and magnesium ammonium phosphate?

A
  • calcium (70-80%)
  • uric acid (10-15%)
  • magnesium ammonium phosphate (10-15%)
41
Q

what is the treatment for nephrolithiasis and prevention?

A
  1. primary Tx:
    –> analgesics
    –> hydration
    –> removal
  2. prevention
    –> diet (hydration, eliminate Ca supps),
    –> diuretics
42
Q

what is the contrast-associated nephropathy conclusion?

A
  1. recent work suggests frequency may be over estimated and most methods to reduce incidence have proven ineffective

Exam 1 Electrolytes: Renal: Diuretics: CKD & ESRD (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions