Renal - Overview Flashcards
Functions of kidneys
Excretion of waste materials
Fluid balance
Homeostasis
What can conditions that cause renal problems be grouped into?
Pre-renal (blood vessels)
Renal
Post-renal (outflow tracts)
Anatomy of Nephron
Conditions that can lead to Glomerulonephritis
- Lupus
- Drugs
- Malignany
- DM
- Sarcoidosis
- Infections - Malaria, HepB, Strep
- Vasculitis - Wegner’s
The 5 different subtypes of glomerulonephritis:
- Membranous glomerulonephritis
- Focal Segmental glomerulosclerosis
- Minimal Change Disease
- IgA nephropathy
- Post-strep glomerulonephritis
What drug should all patients with CKD be started on?
All patients with chronic kidney disease should be started on a statin
When do you refer a patient to a nephrologist from GP in CKD patients
NICE guidelines suggest referring to a nephrologist from primary care if eGFR falls below 30 or progressively by > 15 in a year
Basic problems in chronic kidney disease
low vitamin D (1-alpha hydroxylation normally occurs in the kidneys)
high phosphate
low calcium: due to lack of vitamin D, high phosphate
secondary hyperparathyroidism: due to low calcium, high phosphate and low vitamin D
What previous medical conditions precede Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis tends to occur 1-3 weeks following an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), and 3-6 weeks following a skin infection
When does PSGN and IgA develop after an URTI?
PSGN develops 1-2 weeks after URTI. IgA nephropathy develops 1-2 days after URTI
What do the kidneys look like on USS in CKD and diabetic nephropathy?
Chronic diabetic nephropathy will have large/normal sized kidneys on ultrasound whereas most patients with chronic kidney disease have bilateral small kidneys
