Renal Medicine

Question 1

Why are SGLT-2 inhibitors beneficial in CKD?

Answer 1

They primarily act by blocking reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule. This lowers the renal glucose threshold, leading to glucosuria.
By blocking the cotransporter they reduce sodium reabsorption, natriuresis reduces intravascular volume and blood pressure, but it also increases the delivery of sodiumto the macula densa. This normalises tubuloglomerular feedback and thereby reduces intraglomerular pressure.

Question 2

Three sides effects of EPO:

Answer 2

Bone aches
Flu-like symptoms
Skin rashes

Question 3

5 reasons why patients may not respond to EPO therapy:

Answer 3

Iron deficiency
Inadequate dose of EPO
Concurrent infection/inflammation
Hyperparathyroid bone disease
Aluminium toxicity

Question 4

Two pre-renal causes of AKI

Answer 4

Hypovolaemia secondary to diarrhoea/vomiting
Renal artery stenosis

Question 5

5 intrinsic AKI causes

Answer 5

Glomerulonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Acute interstitial nephritis
Rhabdomyolsis
Tumour lysis syndrome