Renal Lecture for Mordecai Flashcards
Normal Ionized Calcium Level
1.2-1.38 mmol/L
Ionized Calcium Levels are affected by what 2 things?
Albumin Levels
pH
Causes of Hypocalcemia
Decreased PTH secretion
Mg Deficiency
Low Vit. D
Renal Failure
Massive Blood Transfusion
Most common causes of Hypercalcemia
Hyper-Parathyroid (<11)
Cancer (>13)
S/S of Hypocalcemia
Paresthesias
Irritability
Siezures
Myocardial Depression
Post-Parathyroidectomy-hypocalcemia-induced laryngospasm (life threatening complication)
S/S of Hypercalcemia
Confusion, lethargy
Hypotonia/↓DTR
Abd pain
N/V
Short QT-I
*Chronic ↑Ca++→ Hypercalciuria & nephrolithiasis
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
Low Dietary Intake
Renal Wasting
Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia
Muscle Weakness or excitation
Seizures
Ventricular Dysrhythmias (Torsades)
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
(Generally due to over-treatment)
Pre-Eclampsia
Pheochromocytoma
Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia
4-5 mEq/L: Lethargy, N/V, Flushing
>6 mEq/L: HoTN, ↓DTR
>10 mEq/L: Paralysis, apnea, heart blocks, cardiac arrest
Treatment of Hypermagnesemia
Diuresis
IV Calcium
Dialysis
Where are the Kidneys Located?
Is the Right higher or lower to the Left?
Why?
Located Retroperitoneal between T12-L4
Right is slightly lower (Caudal) than the left
Placement is to accommodate the liver
How much CO do the kidneys receive?
20%
(1-1.25 L/min)
How much of the blood flow does the Cortex receive?
85-90%
Primary Functions of the Kidney
Regulate EC volume, osmolarity, composition
Regulate BP (intermediately & LT) *RAAS, ANP
Excrete toxins/metabolites
Maintain acid/base balance
Produce hormones (Renin, Erythropoietin, Calcitriol, Prostaglandins)
Blood glucose homeostasis
