Renal ID Flashcards
1
Q
What is a renal abscess?
A
abscess that is confined to the kidney, and is caused either by bacteria from an infection traveling to the kidneys through the bloodstream or by a UTI traveling to the kidney and then spreading to the kidney tissue
2
Q
usual causes of renal abscess?
A
- kidney inflammation
- VUR
- multiple skin abscesses
- DM
- nephrolithiasis
- IVDA
- pregnancy
- neurogenic bladder (autonomic nephropathies - DM, MS)
3
Q
What are sxs of renal abscess?
A
- fever
- chills
- abdominal pain
- wt loss
- dysuria
- hematuria
- malaise
- usually figure out that it is an abscess after sxs persist after t of abx
- abscess needs an IND
4
Q
Dx renal abscess?
A
- UA: WBCs, bacteria, hematuria, proteinuria?
- CBC: leukocytosis
- KUB: small abscesses may be difficult to recognize - enlarged kidney, non-distinct outlines
- CXR: pleural effusion
- US: more helpful than XR
- CT: dx procedure of choice - 96% accurate in dx renal abscess, don’t use dye at first (worried about kidney function)
imaging: start off with U/S
5
Q
Tx of renal abscess?
A
- IV abx covering causative organism (ampicillin + amino glycoside) - use urine cultures
- open drainage - old school
- now: percutaneous drainage more common, abscesses greater than 5 cm need to be IND
- end stage: nothing else works, nephrectomy
6
Q
What is acute pyelonephritis?
A
- affects the cortex with sparing of glomeruli and vessels. WHITE CELL CASTS in urine are pathognomic.
- bacteria infection can result from hematogenous spread or from ascending infection (usually due to predisposing condition) - usually E.coli, also proteus, klebsiella, and enterobacter
7
Q
Prognosis of acute pyelonephritis?
A
- healthy adults usually recover complete renal fxn
- if coexistent renal disease is present, scarring or chronic pyelonephritis may result
- inadequate therapy could result in abscess formation
8
Q
What is emphysematous pyelo?
A
- life threatening necrotizing infection of the kidneys characterized by gas formation within or surrounding kidneys
- the majority of pts have poorly controlled DM
- non DM pts are usually immunocompromised or have asscd urinary tract obstruction due to lithiasis
- pts with VUR, indwelling cath, stones, neurogenic bladder at risk
- w/o early therapeutic intervention this condition becomes rapidly progressive, generalized to fulminant sepsis and carries a high mortality rate
9
Q
Sxs of acute pyelonephritis?
A
- shaking chills
- high fever
- arthralgias
- myalgias
- flank pain with CVA tenderness: colicky pain, urgency, frequency, N/V/D in peds
10
Q
Dx of acute pyelonephritis?
A
- UA: WBC, bacteria, hematuria, WHITE CELL CASTS
- CBC: leukocytosis with left shift
- blood culture may also be positive
- U/S: may show hydronephrosis from a stone or other source of obstruction
- CT scan: dx procedure of choice - may show hydronephrosis and attentuation caused by inflammation/infection
(DON’T use dye)
11
Q
Tx of acute pyelo? What other tests are needed?
A
- severe or complicating factors may require hospital admission
- blood and or urine cultures reqd to determine antimicrobial sensitivity
- cath may be neccssary in the case of urinary retention
- nephrostomy drainage may be reqd if there is ureteral obstruction
- common abx: IV: ampicillin(24 hrs after fever subsides), and then put on PO: cipro, ofloxacin, bactrim DS (weak) (abx are given for 21 days, f/u tx includes re-culturing urine several weeks after drug therapy is finished to rule out re-infection)
- pts that are at high risk for recurring infections (caths) require long term f/u
- fevers can persist up to 72 hrs (if its lasts longer - dx or tx isn’t right)
12
Q
Cause of chronic pyelonephritis?
A
- caused by renal injury by recurrent or persistent renal infection
- occurs almost exclusively in pts with major anatomical anomalies:
urinary tract obstruction
struvite calculi
renal dysplasia
VUR: most common (30-40% of young children with UTIs have VUR) - assoc with progressive renal scarring which can lead to ESRD
- may occur in utero with renal dysplasia, although dysplasia may also be caused by obstruction
- UTIs also induce renal injury, which heals with scar formation, infection w/o reflux is less likely to produce injury
13
Q
What is VUR?
A
- retrograde flow of urine from bladder to upper urinary tract
- normally ureter has antireflux action by: 1 - actively by trigonal muscle contraction and 2 - passively by flap valve mechanism
- One of the most common problems encountered by pediatric urologist
14
Q
Incidence of VUR?
A
- overall: 10%
- 70% of infants presenting with a UTI has VUR
- female more like than males
- usually male has higher grade VUR than females
- genetic predisposition is positive in up to 40%
15
Q
Etiology of primary VUR?
A
- congenital deficiency in the longitudinal muscle fibers in ureterovesical junction
- altering the normal ratio of length: width from 5:1 down to 1.4:1
16
Q
Etiology of secondary VUR?
A
- bladder outlet obstruction at the posterior urethral valve or stenosis
- fxnl obstruction: neurogenic and non neurogenic bladder dysfxn (cerebral palsy)
- raised pressure due to obstruction (anatomical stricture, too tight)
17
Q
How does a VUR UTI present in a newborn? older children? prenatally?
A
- newborn: usually nonspecific manifestation such as failure to thrive, difficult feeding, or lethargy
- older children: flank pain or abdominal pain, fever
- prenatally: dx by US with abdominal sweeling (late finding) - see hydronephrosis
18
Q
Work up for VUR?
A
- UA: (for sig colony count)
greater than 100,000 count in mid-stream sample, or gerater than 10,000 in cathed or aspirated urine sample - std VCUG (used for grading VUR 1-V) and US reqd in:
1 - child younger than 5 with UTI
2 - any male child with UTI
3 - febrile UTI
19
Q
Prognosis of VUR?
A
- resolves spontaneously before adolescence in:
90% of Gr 1 reflux
80% of Gr 2
50% of Gr 3
10% of Gr 4
0% in Gr 5 - kidney most suscpetible to scarring in first year of life and at time of first upper tract infection
- scars develop less frequently after the age of 5
- VUR and scarring lead to HTN, progressive renal insufficiency and failure
20
Q
Characteristics of chronic pyelonephritis?
A
- coarse, asymmetric, corticomedulalry scarring
- thyroidization of kidney
- eosinophilic casts seen in tubules:
chronic pye and
T - thyroidization (ext inflamm.)
E - eosinophilic casts
A - assymetric scarring
21
Q
Sxs of chronic pyelonephritis?
A
- fever
- lethargy
- N/V
- flank pain or dysuria: some children present with failure to thrive
22
Q
Dx of chronic pyelonephritis?
A
- UA: WBCs, bacteria, hematuria. Urine culture will usually isolate bacteria, although a neg culture doesn’t exclude diagnosis as pt has most likely been on abx
- imaging: IVP helps est dx b/c they reveal caliceal dilation and blunting with cortical scars. Ureteral dilation and reduced renal size may be evident
CT also used
VCUG: may document reflux of urine to the renal pelvis and ureteral dilation - cystoscopy images show evidence of reflux at the ureteral orifices
- renal sonogram may show calculi
23
Q
Tx of stages 1 and 2 VUR for chronic pyelonephritis?
A
- this is reflux of urine to the ureter or renal pelvis without ureteral dilatation
- medical therapy with ABOs (amoxicllan, bactrim, septa, and nitrofurantoin)
- continue ABOs until puberty (most children will outgrow reflux by puberty) or until reflux resolves
- stage 1 and 2: get better on their own
24
Q
Tx for stage 3 and 4 VUR (severe reflux)?
A
- surgery and medical therapies are equally effective
indications for surgery include:
- medical noncompliance with formation of new scars
- persistent reflux after puberty in women
- breakthrough infections in pts who are compliant
- surgery involves the reimplantation of the ureters
25
Q
Other tx for chronic pyelonephritis?
A
- eliminate recurrent UTIs and ID and correct any underlying anatomic or functional urinary problems (ex: obstruction, urolithiasis)
- dietary protein restriction should be advised to prevent progressive renal injury
- aggressive BP control is beneficial to slow the progression of renal failure. ACEIs/ARBs are particularly beneficial
- careful f/u and monitoring for pregnant women with prompt tx for UTIs to prevent renal failure, preeclampsia, miscarriages
- routine screening is recommended for siblings of pts with VUR
26
Q
What is XPN? (xanthogranulomatous pyenonephritis)
A
- unusual variant of chronic pyelonephritis that in 2/3 of cases is a complication of obstruction induced by infected renal stones.
- affected pts usually have massive destruction of kidney requiring nephrectomy
- shares many characteristics with a true neoplasm, in terms of radiographic appearance and ability to involve adjacent structures or organs
- pts are often immunocompromised in some manner
- although most cases of XPN are unilateral, bilateral disease has been reported
27
Q
How common is XPN?
A
- occurs in approx 1% fo all renal infections, frequency of XPN appears to be increasing (increased risk in diabetics)
- XPN is 4x more common in women than men, and is usually noted in 50s, and 60s
- usually a hx of recurrent UTIs
28
Q
Characteristics of XPN?
A
- displays neoplasm like properties capable of local tissue invasion and destruction, and has been referred to as a pseudotumor
29
Q
Presentation of XPN in adults?
A
- most often occurs in middle aged women, with male to female ratio - 1:3 -4
- typical presenting features:
flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia, wt loss, a palpable flank mass may be present, which may be tender or demonstrate CVA tenderness
(presents like pyelo)
30
Q
Presentation of XPN in children?
A
- 2 different presentations
- most common form affects boys and girls equally and involves the entire kidney
- the other form which is more frequent in girls, is localized and may mimic a tumor (be thinking Wilm’s tumor)
- presenting features:
flank and abdominal pain
fever
growth and wt retardation
growth and wt retardation - approx 1/2 of children have a palpable abdominal mass
31
Q
What will the UA and culture show in XPN?
A
- confirms presence of urinary tract infection
- UA: pyuria and bacteriuria
- urine culture: typically positive for gram - organisms (E coli, proteus, klebsiella)
: staph aureus is rare, urine cultures are sterile 25% of time, occasionally, diff organisms may be isolated from urine and from the removed kidney, and combo antimicrobial therapy may be needed
32
Q
What will blood tests show in XPN?
A
- nonspecific abnorm including:
anemia and increased ESR
abnorm results in LFTs are found in 50% of pts, and occasionally assoc with hepatomegaly - cause of liver abnorm is not known, but results return to normal after tx
- creatinine levels prior to nephrectomy may be abnormal, but removal of nonfxning XPN kidney isn’t expected to alter baseline renal fxn
33
Q
Tx of XPN?
A
- XPN is assoc with almost complete destruction of the kidney
- tx is therefore surgical (after initial course of antimicrobials to control the local infection) and consists of nephrectomy in which all the involved tissue is removed and any fistulas closed
- pts with localized form (usually children) or with bilateral disease can be tx with partial nephrectomy
- pt will die of sepsis or overwhelming infection if not tx
34
Q
What is cystitis?
A
- infection of the bladder most commonly due to coliform bacteria (E. coli usually) and occasionally from gram + (enterococci)
- route of infection is typicall ascending from the urethra
- viral cystitis due to adenovirus is sometimes seen in children but rare in adults
35
Q
Sxs of cystitis?
A
- irritative voiding (frequency, urgency, dysuria)
- suprapubic discomfort is common
- hematuria
- sxs in women may often appear following sexual intercourse (in men this is rare - so do work up - could be stones, prostatitis)
36
Q
What will you see on PE for cystitis?
A
- may reveal suprapubic tenderness, but exam is often unremarkable
- systemic toxicity is absent
37
Q
Work up of cystitis?
A
- UA: pyuria, bacteriuria, and varying degrees of hematuria
- urine culture is + for causative organism, but colony counts greater than 10,000 are not essential for dx
- lab work and imaging are warranted only if following are suspected: pyelo, recurrent infections, or anatomic abnormalities are suspected.
38
Q
What should you think about if a man is presenting with cystitis?
A
- this is rare and it implies a pathological process such as:
- infected lithiasis
- prostatitis
- chronic urinary retention requiring further work up
39
Q
Tx of cystitis?
A
- uncomplicated cystitis: short term 1-3 days: fluoroquinolones (complicated pts - pyelo?) and **nitrofurantoin are TOC
- bactrim and septra can be ineffective in sig number of pts because of resistance
40
Q
When should women be put on proph abx therapy?
A
- after having more than 3 cases of cystitis, they should have thorough work up ( don’t use nitrofurantoin)
41
Q
When should preg ladies be screened for UTIs? Why do preg ladies get UTIs?
A
- they should be screened for infections whether they have sxs or not, use nitrofurantoin
- get infections bceause they have decreased tone of ureter and increased pressure from baby
