Renal - Haematuria

Question 1

name the 4 most common causes of haematuria

Answer 1

1. UTI
2. urinary tract stones
3. urethritis
4. BPH

Question 2

list all of the possible causes of haematuria

Answer 2

1. infection: cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, TB, schistosomiasis, infective endocarditis
2. tumours: renal carcinoma, Wilm’s tumour, bladder carcinoma, prostate cancer, urethral cancer, endometrial cancer
3. renal tract trauma: due to accidents, catheter, foreign bodies, prolonged severe exercise, rapid emptying of overdistended bladder, surgery
4. inflammation: glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, Goodpasture’s syndrome, polyarteritis, post-irradiation
5. structural: calculi (renal, ureteric, bladder), simple cysts, polycystic renal disease, congenital vascular anolamies
6. haematological: sickle cell disease, coagulation disorders, anti-coagulation therapy
7. toxins: sulphonamides, cyclophosphamide, NSAIDs