Renal function test and urinalysis Flashcards
Symptoms of urinary tract infections
– burning, frequency, urgency
– should undergo urinalysis
– macroscopic UA (dip-strip) is normal,
microscopic analysis is not necessary
➔ Signs and symptoms suggestive of
urologic disease or if UA is (+) for _____
protein, heme, leukocyte esterase, or nitrite
TIMING for urine specimens
- First-voided morning specimens
are helpful for qualitative protein testing in pts with possible proteinuria or for specific gravity assessment. - Freshly voided specimen obtained a few hours after the patient has eaten and examined
within 1 hour of voiding is most reliable
Urine may be refrigerated, however, this increases crystal
formation
T/F The urine specimen should be collected after a genital or rectal exam
F - it should be collected before
HOW DO YOU GET A URINE SPECIMEN from children?
- UA can be obtained from males and females by covering the cleansed urethral meatus
with a plastic “U” bag - If bacterial culture is needed catheterization or suprapubic needle aspiration is recommended
Factors of macroscopic urine examination
Color and appearance
Specific gravity
pH
Protein
Glucose
Hemoglobin
Nitrite (bacteria)
Leukocyte esterase
Culture and sensativity
Urine is often colored secondary to drugs:
– Phenazopyridine (pyridium) will turn urine orange
– Nitrofurantoin (macrobid) will turn urine brown
– Metronidazole will turn urine reddish brown
causes of discolored urine
- Drugs
– Beet ingestion
– Vegetable dyes
– Concentrated urine
– Muscle trauma
T/F Odor of urine is rarely clinically significant
T
SPECIFIC GRAVITY of Urine
- A measure of urine concentration
- Used to determine hydration status and renal
function. - The specific gravity of urine (normal
1.003-1.030)
What should you consider of the urine specific gravity is low?
– Chronic renal failure
– Diabetes insipidus
– Intracranial trauma evaluating for lack of
antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
What should you consider of the urine specific gravity is high?
– Dehydration
– Preeclampsia
– CHF
What should you consider of the urine pH is low?
– acidosis
– dehydration
– diabetic ketoacidosis
– diarrhea
– starvation
– Uric acid kidney stones develop in acidic urine
pH of the Urine
- A measure of free hydrogen ions (H+) concentration in the urine
- Normal range 4.6-8.0
- Diet can impact pH, ie high protein usually acidotic
What should you consider of the urine pH is high?
– gastric suctioning that takes away stomach acids
– kidney failure
– kidney tubular acidosis
– pyloric obstruction
– respiratory alkalosis
– urinary tract infection
– vomiting
PROTEIN in the urine
- A measure of urinary albumin, the main protein
found in urine. - Normal range: negative
- Concentrated urine will give false positive
- Prolonged fever and excessive physical exertion
will cause transient proteinuria
What should you consider if the urine is positive for protein?
– Glomerular damage
– Hypertension
– Preeclampsia
GLUCOSE in the urine
- Glucose is present in glomerular filtrate, is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule by active
transport (requires carrier protein and ATP.) - Normal range: negative
- Most patients with positive reading
have diabetes mellitus
Glucosuria seen with serum glucose
_____ mg/dL
> 180
HEMOGLOBIN in the urine
- A measure of free hemoglobin in urine
(product of lysed red blood cells). - Normal range: negative
- Microscopic analysis of urinary sediment for
RBCs used for confirmation.
What should you consider if the urine is positive for hemoglobin?
– UTI
– Renal calculi
– Renal trauma
– Glomerulonephritis
– Rhabdomyolysis (strenuous exercise)
– Hemoglobinuria Nephritis
– Bladder or kidney cancer
NITRITE (BACTERIA)
- A urine dipstick test used for evaluation of
UTI. - Enterobacteriaceae (E.coli, most common
UTI causing bacteria) converts nitrate to
nitrite which gives a positive test. - Result may be negative as not all bacteria
are capable of converting nitrate. - Normal range: negative (does not R/O UTI)
What should you consider if the urine tests positive for nitrite?
– UTI
– False positive - dyes
LEUKOCYTE ESTERASE
- Detects esterase released by the leukocytes in
the urine and indicates the presence of WBCs. - A positive indicates pyuria and warrants
subsequent microscopy. . - Normal range: negative
What should you consider if the urine is positive for leukocyte esterase?
– UTI
– Pyleonephritis
– Nephrolithiasis
– Interstitial nephritis
– Vaginal contamination (yeast infection, STI,
bacteria vaginosis)
HOW TO PREPARE A URINE SPECIMEN FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAM
- Centrifuge a 10-mL specimen at 2000 rpm for 5
minutes - Decant the supernatant
- Resuspend the sediment in the remaining 1 mL of urine by tapping the tube gently against
countertop - Place 1 drop of the mixture on a microscope slide, cover with a coverslip, and examine first under a low power (10x) lens then under a high-power (40x) lens.
- Significant elements (particularly bacteria) are
more easily seen if the slide is stained with
methylene blue
Microscopic examination factors of urine
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
CASTS
RED BLOOD CELL CASTS
WHITE BLOOD CELL CASTS
GRANULAR CASTS
BACTERIA
YEAST
Trichomoniasis
CRYSTALS
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS significance in the urine
- Squamous epithelial cells from the
skin surface or from the outer urethra
can appear in urine. - Their significance is that they
represent contamination of the
specimen with skin flora
RED BLOOD CELLS significance in the urine
- RBCs may appear normally shaped,
swollen by dilute urine, or crenated
by concentrated urine.
0-2 RBCs/HPF Normal - Much smaller, more round, than
WBCs, and don’t have a nucleus. - Red cells may simulate yeast