Renal Function

Question 1

What are the 6 major kidney functions?

Answer 1

Urine formation
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
Regulation of acid base balance
Excretion
Endocrine
Plasma protein conservation

Question 2

What are the 3 processes of urine formation?

Answer 2

Glomerular filtration of blood
Tubular reabsorption of useful molecules
Tubular secretion of wastes or compounds or electrolytes present in excess of the bodys needs

Question 3

What is GFR?

Answer 3

Glomerular filtration rate - the filtration rate of 130ml/min of blood

Question 4

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 4

Tubular resabsorption - returns valuable substances to blood (water, salts, glucose, most amino acids)

Tubular secretion - secretes products of metabolism (salts of organic acids, hydrogen ions, ammonia)

Question 5

What is the function of the loop of henle?

Answer 5

Aids in reabsorption of water, sodium, chloride

Question 6

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 6

Adjusts for electrolyte and acid-base balance homeostasis through control of ADH and aldosterone

Reabsorbs or secretes potassium (dependant on the bodys needs)

Stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in response to aldosterone

Question 7

What hormone does the distal convoluted tubule respond to?

Answer 7

Aldosterone

Question 8

What is the function of the collecting duct?

Answer 8

Final site for concentrating or diluting urine

Question 9

What is the major extracellular cation?

Answer 9

Sodium (Na)

Question 10

Na filtration is controlled by what hormone?

Answer 10

Aldosterone

Question 11

What is the major intracellular cation?

Answer 11

Potassium (K)

Question 12

K filtration is controlled by what hormone?

Answer 12

Aldosterone

Question 13

Ca filtration is controlled by what hormone?

Answer 13

PTH

Question 14

Magnesium balance is controlled by what hormone?

Answer 14

PTH

Question 15

What are the compounds secreted by the kidney?

Answer 15

Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid

Question 16

How is urea formed?

Answer 16

Part of protein metabolism - formed when the amino group from the amino acid is removed (demination)

Question 17

What does the rate of urea production vary with?

Answer 17

Protein intake in diet, rate of protein synthesis

Question 18

What is the rate of creatinine production relevant to?

Answer 18

Muscle mass (the more muscle mass, the more creatinine)

Question 19

If renal disease is of rapid onset (hours or days) it is described as what?

Answer 19

Acute

Question 20

If renal disease develops over a period or months or year it is describe as what?

Answer 20

Chronic

Question 21

What are the 3 categories of acute kidney disease?

Answer 21

Pre-renal - decrease in renal blood flow
Renal - damage to structures within the kidney
Post-renal - obstruction of urine outflow

Question 22

What is the condition where there is a decrease in the amount of urine excreted?

Answer 22

Oliguria

Question 23

What is the condition where there is almost no urine produced?

Answer 23

Anuria

Question 24

What do you see in chronic kidney disease?

Answer 24

Loss of excretory and glomerular function
Water/electrolyte disbalance
Metabolic acidosis
Loss of endocrine function - anaemia
Hypocalcemia/bone disease

Question 25

What are 2 indicators of renal disease?

Answer 25

plasma urea and creatinine