Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > Renal Extra > Flashcards

Renal Extra Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid in resus in AKI

A

Saline
Hartmanns contains potassium
Often hyperkalaemic in AKI therefore not a good idea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Normal anion gap -

A

normally 10-18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of metabolic acidosis + increased anion gap

A

Increased production or reduced excretion of fixed/organic acids
Lactic acid (sepsis, tissue ischaemia)
Urate (renal failure)
Ketones (DKA)
Drugs/toxins (salicylates, methanol, ethylene glycol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of metabolic acidosis + normal anion gap

A 
Either loss of bicarb or accumulation of H+
eg. renal tubular acidosis 
diarrhoea 
Addissons
Fistula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Minimal change disease - acute or progressive onset

A

Acute onset - therefore not chronic renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Membranous nephropathy - acute or progressive onset

A

Progressive - chronic not acute renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type of dialysis for diabetic patients

A

Haemodialysis because peritoneal contains glucose

Also more prone to infection at PD sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Biochemical picture of AKI vs CKD

A

Calcium and phosphate will be high in AKI due to haemoconcentration (if due to dehydration)
Whereas CKD get hypocalcaemia and then - PTH high from secondary hyperPTH
CKD also get anaemia due to erythropoeitin and iron deficiency
V.high urea and moderately high creatinine - AKI
V.high urea in CKD will also have v.high creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rapid decrease in renal function after starting an ACEi

A

Suspect renal artery stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cause of nausea and itching in CKD and how to deal with it

A

High phosphate - therefore give calcichew and sevelamer - will also raise calcium
Sevelamer more effective than calcichew and is used in stage 4 + 5 CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hb target for CKD

A

10-12 g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Low citrate causes what type of renal stones

A

Calcium oxalate - citrate in the urine inhibits the formation of renal stones especially calcium oxalate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cramp post haemodialysis

A

Too much water being removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is used to measure dialysis adequacy - which formula

A

URR urea reduction ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Albumin needed for nephrotic syndrome diagnosis

A

Below 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Features of adult polycystic kidney disease

A

Is autosomal dominant sort - milder than autosomal recessive

17
Q

AKI + eosinophilia

A

Acute tubulointerstital nephritis

18
Q

Causes of acute interstitial tubulonephritis

A

Drugs eg. antibiotics including penicllins

NSAIDs

19
Q

Common cause of secondary hypertension

A

Hyperaldosteronism
Causes retention of Na+ and Cl-
Promotes excretion of K+

20
Q

What happens to K+ during haemodialysis

A

Can only remove 5% of total body k+ as the rest is intracellular. Therefore always get a transient hypokalaemia post-haemodialysis but this will rise over the next couple of days until next dialysis
Don’t treat post-dialysis hypokalaemia

21
Q

First manifestation of diabetic nephropathy - management

A

Microalbuminuria - ACEi (even in the absence of HTN)

22
Q

Relationship of renal failure and glycaemia in diabetics

A

Sulphonylureas and insulin are excreted by the kidney therefore towards the end of more severe renal disease - get hypoglycaemia

23
Q

In which type of diabetes is renal disease more common?

A

T1DM (50%) because it is common in people who have had diabetes for 20 years
T2DM (15%)

24
Q

Complement in SLE

A

Low

25
Q

What is targeted by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in Goodpastures

A

Basement membrane collagen

26
Q

What is associated with poor graft prognosis in renal transplant

A

Cardiac death donor rather than heart beating donor
Cold ischaemic time 18-24hrs
Donor >60, hx of HTN, creatinine >130
Recipient - poor initial perfusion of graft, dialysis within 24h of operation, difficult surgery

27
Q

Urine in DKA

A

Glucose and ketones

28
Q

Which immunosuppressant is associated with gingival hypertrophy and hirsutism

A

Ciclosporin

Also less effective than tacrolimus at inhibiting calcineurin therefore falling out of favour as post-transplant drug

29
Q

Common complications of nephrotic syndrome

A

Thrombosis risk
Infection risk (loss of complement proteins and immunoglobulin) esp. pneumococcal pneumonia
Hyperlipidaemia

30
Q

Complications of CKD

A

Adynamic bone disease and inadequate 1-hydroxylation of 25OH-vitamin D

31
Q

Biochemical findings in CKD

A

Anaemia, hypocalcaemia, hyperkalaemia, hyperphosphataemia and metabolic acidosis

32
Q

Which diuretic causes low magnesium and low potassium

A

Bendoflumethiazide

33
Q

Immunosuppressant causing myelosuppression and GI upset (diarrhoea)

A

Mycophenolate mofetil

34
Q

Immunosuppressant causing myelosuppression and deranged LFTs

A

Azathioprine

35
Q

Immunosuppressant associated with haemorrhagic cystitis and an increased risk of bladder cancer in the longer term?

A

Cyclophosphamide

36
Q

Foods high in oxalate

A

beetroot, rhubarb, spinach, peanuts, strawberries, blackcurrants, and chocolate

Renal (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions