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Renal 1 > Renal Embryology > Flashcards

Renal Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Intermediate Mesoderm characteristics ( location, systems)

A
  • location: trunk, lateral to each somite
  • segments into cylindrical structures
  • produces urinary and genital system
  • urinary system develops first
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2
Q

Urogenital System ( urogenital ridge)

A

Urogenital ridge

- longitudinal band of mesoderm forms on each side of dorsal aorta

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3
Q

Developmental pathway of Urogenital System

A

urogenital ridge-> nephrogenic cord-> pronephros-> mesonephros-> metanephros

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4
Q

Pronephros ( characteristics, age, location, importance)

A
  • rudimentary
  • bilateral
  • transitory
  • shows up in 4th week,
  • in cervical region
  • ducts run caudally & open into cloaca
  • degenerate 24-25 days
  • persist and used by mesonephros

importance
- initiate cascade leading to formation of definitive kidneys

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5
Q

Mesonephros ( characteristics, age, location, components, fate) (lots of details)

A
  • functions briefly during early fetal period
  • bilateral
  • transient
  • shows up late 4th week-> 12th week
  • caudal to pronephros
  • Mesonephric ducts & mesonephric tubules
  • ducts develops 1st
  • induce tubules from surrounding intermediate mesoderm

Mesonephric Tubules-> renal corpuscle

1) Medial End of tubule= glomerular capsule ( cup shaped)
2) wraps around glomerulus (know of capillaries)

function as interim kidney from 6th-10th week -> produce small amount of urine

10th week- stop function

  • will regress in females
  • will form efferent ductules in males
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6
Q

Metanephros ( components ( 2), location, age)

A
  • permanent kidneys
  • 5th week
  • caudal end of each mesonephric duct induces the ureteric bud

1) ureteric bud= outgrowth of mesonephric duct
2) metanephric blastema= from nephrogenic cord

Functional and definitive kidney by 9-10th week
-has excretory and collecting portions

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7
Q

Ureteric bud and Collecting System ( form and fate, generation)

A
  • Ureteric bud elongate and penetrate blastema-> form renal pelvis
  • stalk of uretic bud becomes the ureter

Cranial part of bud branches-> collecting tubules

  • 1st generation of tubules enlarge-> major calices
  • 2nd generations-> minor calices
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8
Q

Nephron Development ( 5 steps)

A

1) arched collecting tubule induces metanephrogenic blastema to form metanephric vesicle
2) Vesicle elongate to form metanephric tubules
3) Proximal end form glomerular capsule, invaded by glomeruli
4) Distal end: lengthen and differentiates-> PCT, DCT, Nephron loop
5) Each DCT contacts and arched collecting tubule-> mot connected

blastema-> vesicle-> tubules-> GC, PCT,DCT, nephron loop

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9
Q

Vasculature & Ascent of Kidneys

(location of kidney, age, branches (first branch, former branch) , blood supply) DETAILED

A
  • Permanent kidneys
  • within pelvis
  • ascend into abdomen

Hilum- medially rotate 90 degrees

9th week- adult position, in contact with suprarenal glands

-blood supply from vessels that are closest

First branch: from common iliacs
definitive renal arteries: from abdominal aorta

Former branches- involution and disapper

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10
Q

Embryonic Kidney (2) vs. Adult Kidney (4)

A

Embryonic Structures

1) Ureteric Bud (collecting portion)
2) Metanephric blastema (excretory portion)

Adult Structures

1) #1 becomes ureter, renal pelvis, major & minor calyces, collecting ducts
2) #2 becomes bowman’s capsule, PCT, LOH, DCT

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11
Q

Unilateral Renal Agenesis

A
  • form 1 functional kidney
  • more frequent in males
  • typically asymptomatic
  • suspected in infants with 1 umbilical artery
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12
Q

Bilateral Renal Agenesis

A
  • Oligohydramnios
    • decrease volume of fluid
  • Nonviable
  • pulmonary hypoplasia
  • associated with Potter Syndrome (20%)
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13
Q

Duplication (cogenital anomalies of kidney/ureter)

A
  • abnormal division of ureteric bud

incomplete division= divided kidney & bifid ureter

complete division= double kidney & bifid ureter or separate ureter

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14
Q

Horseshoe Kidney

A
  • fusion of inferior poles
  • asymptomatic
  • ascent prevented by IMA
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15
Q

Accessory Renal Vessels

A
  • Many renal arteries (2-4)
  • 25%
  • can obstruct ureter-> hydronephrosis

End arteries- if damaged/ligated-> ischemia

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16
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease (embryo)

A
  • autosomal recessive
  • mutation in PKHD1
  • Cysts in both kidneys
  • renal insufficiency
  • 1/4 pulmonary hypoplasia
17
Q

Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

A
  • abnormal development of renal system
  • cysts: dilation of LOH
  • mostly: one kidney affected
18
Q 
Urogenital Sinus (what is it part of, what is separated by, parts, function, embryological development) 
DETAILED
A
  • Ventral cloaca (distal hindgut) = urogenital sinus and anorectal canal
  • separated by urorectal septum
  • important for bladder & urethral development

3 parts

1) vesical part= most of urinary bladder
2) pelvic part= forms neck of bladder, prostatic urethra (m) or urethra(f)
3) phallic part= form spongy urethra(m) or lining of vaginal vestibule ( f)

Week 4-6:

  • mesonephric duct incorporated into posterior wall of bladder -> ureteric bud attaches to connect it to bladder wall
  • openings of mesonephric duct are carried inferiorly to pelvic urethra-> form TRIGONE ( triangular region of mesonephric& & ureteric ducts blend into posterior bladder )
19
Q

Bladder Development (develop from where, layer, continuous with )

A
  • from vesical part of urogenital sinus
  • Epithelium- derived from endoderm (urogenital sinus)
  • Submucosa & muscularis= derived from splanchnic mesoderm
  • Trigone= derived from intermediate mesoderm (mesonephric ducts)

Bladder is continuous with allantois

  • Fetal membrane development from hindgut
  • Allantois constricts & forms the urachus -> apex of bladder-> umblicus -> median umbilical ligament
20
Q

Exstrophy of bladder

A
  • aka extopic vesicae
  • mostly males
  • arises during body folding (4th week)
  • defective closure of ventral abdominal wall
  • exposure of mucosa of posterior wall of bladder
21
Q

Epispadias

A
  • males

- Urethral opening is on dorsum of genital tubercle rather than on its ventral side

22
Q

Urachal Anomolies (3)

A

1) Urachal cysts: remnants of epithelia lining of urachus that can become infected & enlarged
2) Urachal sinus: end of urachus remains open into bladder (inferior region) or umbilicus ( superior region)
3) Urachal fistula ( most severe): entire urachus remains patent & allows urine to escape from umbilical orifice

23
Q

Suprarenal Gland characteristics (4)

A
  • Epi, NE, Aldosterone, cortisol
  • above each kidney
  • gland has outer cortex & inner medulla
  • gland surrounded by CT capsule
24
Q

Suprarenal Gland: CORTEX (zones)

A

1) Zona Glomerulosa: produce mineralocorticoids (regulate electrolytes)
- bundles of yarn
2) Zona fasciculata: produce glucocorticoids ( regular blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism)
- cords/fascicles/ bundles
3) Zona reticularis: produce sex hormones, estrogen& testosterone ( protein synthesis in sex cells)
- little network/meshwork

25
Q

Suprarenal Gland: MEDULLA

A
  • form inner core of the gland
  • chromaffin cells (specialized postganglionic sympathetic neurons-NCC derived)
  • EPI/ NE
26
Q

Development of Suprarenal Gland

A

1) 5th week- coelemic epithelium delaminates and enters surrounding mesoderm-> fetal cortical cells
2) NCC migrate to medulla-> differentiate into chromaffin cells post-ganglion sympathetic neuron( Epi/Ne)
3) Fetal cortex regresses (2nd month PN)
- definitive cortical cells reorganize: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
4) Fetal cortex will secrete dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), ACTH, glucocorticoid
- converted by estradiol
- essential for pregnancy maintenance

27
Q

Capsule derived from …
Cortex derived from …
Medulla derived from…

A
  • mesonephric mesoderm
  • coelomic epithelium (somatic mesoderm)
  • NCC

Renal 1 (8 decks)

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