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BLOCK D - RENAL > Renal Embryology > Flashcards

Renal Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

3 embryonic germ cell layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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2
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Loosely organized embryonic connective tissue (primarily derived from mesoderm, but sometimes also from other layers)

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3
Q

The urogenitl system develops from…, specifically

A

intermediate mesoderm
specifically mesenchymal cells

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4
Q

During lateral (transverse) folding, the intermediate mesenchyme is pulled ventrally forming…

A

two urogenital ridges (on the dorsal body wall)

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5
Q

Each urogenital risge gives rise to…

A

nephrogenic cord and ridge, which form the urinary system

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6
Q

3 sets of successive kidneys form from the nephrogenic cord in the craniocaudal axis, called…

A

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

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7
Q

From the pronephros to the cloaca (causal end of gut tube), what will form?

A

Longitudinal nephric ducts

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8
Q

Pronephros are rudimentary, transient structures that develop bilaterally at…

A

the 5th-7th cervical segments

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9
Q

Two components of pronephros

A
  • several paired clusters of cells (in lower cervical segments)
  • pronephric ducts (paired tubular structures that extend caudally to the cloaca)
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10
Q

What happens to the cranial parts of pronephric ducts?

A

They degrade (cuadal parts persist)

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11
Q

Caudal pronephric ducts transition into…

A

mesonephric duct

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12
Q

Caudal growth of pronephric/mesonephric ducts induces formation of…

A

mesonephric buds

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13
Q

Mesonephric tubules within the mesonephric buds connect with…

A

mesonephric duct

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14
Q

What are mesonephroi?

A

They function as interim kidneys in humans for ~4 weeks before the definitive kidneys (i.e. metanephroi) develop

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15
Q

What do we call the “definitive” kidneys?

A

metanephroi

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16
Q

Renal corpuscles form from…

A

mesonephric tubules

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17
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule forms at the…

A

medial end of the mesonephric tubule

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18
Q

Glomerulus forms from…

A

the developing aorta

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19
Q

Mesonephric ducts do not degenerate in everyone. Who keeps their mesonephric ducts?

A

Mesonephric ducts degenerate in females, but persist in males!

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20
Q

What are the primordia of permanent, definitive kidneys?

A

Metanephroi

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21
Q

Metanephroi begin developing around… and begin functioning around…

A

Metanephroi begin developing around week 5 and begin functioning around week 9

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22
Q

Two functional components of metanephroi

A
  1. Collecting portion: ureteric bud
  2. Excretory portion: metanephrogenic blastema
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23
Q

What is the ureteric bud?

A

Outgrowth from mesonephric duct near caudal end (sacral region)

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24
Q

What is the metanephrogenic blastema?

A
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25
Q

The ureteric bud stalk will become…

A

the ureter

26
Q

Generations of repetitive branching in the ureteric bud forms different components of mature kidneys.

A

First 4 generations: major calyces
Second 4 generations: minor calyces
11 additional generations: system of collecting ducts

27
Q

What is reciprocal induction?

A

Interactions between ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema, each one inciting the other to grow. They signal to each other reciprocally.

28
Q

What is WT1

A

Transcription factor expressed in metanephrogenic blastema. Involved in the induction of ureteric bud growth

29
Q

What is GDNF?

A

Glial-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) is a signalling molecule. Expressed in metanephrogenic blastema. Regulated by Pax2.

30
Q

Uriniferous tubules form fro two embryologically different components:

A

nephron: metanephrogenic blastema
collecting tubules/duct: ureteric bud

31
Q

Describe the formation of the mesenchymal cap (3 steps)

A
32
Q

What is Potter syndrome?

A

Bilateral kidney agenesis. Can be caused by RET gene mutation.

33
Q

What are the consequences of Potter syndrome?

A

Absence of kidneys leads to decreased urine production and therefore oligohydraminos (low amniotic fluid levels).

This leads to…?

34
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is one of the most common hereditary diseases linked to mutations in POLYCYSTIN genes (PKD1 & PKD2)

35
Q

What is another name for nephroblastmas?

A

Wilm’s tumours

36
Q

What are nephroblastomas/Wilm’s tumours?

A

?

37
Q

How do developed kidneys move from the pelvis, where they developed, to the ?

A

The relative ascent of the kidneys is attributed to the growth of the caudal end of the embryo.

38
Q

While kidneys “ascend”, what else happens?

A
  1. The kidneys rotate by 90deg so that the hilum faces medially in mature individuals.
  2. Origins of renal blood changes & previos branches degrade…?
39
Q

What are horseshoe kidneys?

A

Atypical rotation and ascension of the kidneys associated with renal pole fusion (usually inferior poles).

40
Q

What is the nae of a rare variant of horseshoe kidneys?

A

Sigmoid kidney (inferior pole of one kidney fuses with the superior pole of the other).

41
Q

What are the symptoms of horseshoes kidneys?

A

Typically asymptomatic

42
Q

Horseshoe kidneys are prone tocomplications because of poor drainage. Examples include…

A

hydronephrosis
??

43
Q

What are the 2 main types of urinary tract duplication?

A
  1. Incomplete division: divided kidney with a bifid ureter
  2. Complete division: double kidney with a bifid ureter
44
Q

Urinary tract duplications result from…

A

abnormal divisions of the ureteric bud

45
Q

What is an example of ectopic kidney?

A

Pelvic kidney

46
Q

What is an ectopic kidney?

A

???

47
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

It is a common outlet at the caudal end of the developing embryo

48
Q

What are the 3 parts of the urogenital sinus?

A
  1. Vesical part
  2. Pelvic part
  3. Phallic part
49
Q

Partitioning (septation) of the cloaca involves the formation of…

A

the urorectal septum

50
Q

Name 2 types of urachal anomalies

A

Urachal cysts
Urachal fistula

51
Q

what is the urachus?

A
52
Q

Briefly describe the formation of ureters.

A
53
Q

What forms the trigone of the bladder?

A

The expanded flattened regions of mesonephric ducts

54
Q

Our bladder (inside) comes from 2 different germ layers…

A

endoderm
mesoderm

55
Q

Suprarenal (adrenal) glands arise from 2 components:

A
  • mesodermal mesenchyme
  • neural crest cells (ectoderm)
56
Q

The cortex of adrenal glands forms from…

A

mesodermal mesenchyme

57
Q

The medulla of the adrenal glands forms from…

A

neural crest cells (ectoderm)

58
Q

The cortex begins as an aggregation of mesenchymal cells.
Two waves of these cells “delaminate” from the coelomic epithelium, forming…

A

The mesenchymal cells delaminate to form the fetal cortex (mostly regresses), followed by the adult cortex.

59
Q

The medulla of the adrenal glands is formed by migrating…

A

neural crest cells

60
Q

Neural crest cells that form the medulla of the adrenal glands differentiate into…

A

chromaffin cells

BLOCK D - RENAL (16 decks)

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