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Renal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four classification/type of Renal Diseases?

A

GLOMERULAR
TUBULAR
INTERSTITIAL
VASCULAR

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2
Q

Most often are Immune-Mediated

A

Glomerular

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3
Q

Result from INFECTIOUS or TOXIC SUBSTANCES

A

TUBULAR and INTERSTITIAL

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4
Q

Causes a Renal Perfusion that subsequently induces both MORPHOLOGIC and FUNCTIONAL changes in the kidney

A

VASCULAR

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5
Q

Increased permeability of the Glomeruli to the passage of Plasma Proteins [Albumin]

A

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

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6
Q

[3.5 g/day]

A

HEAVY PROTEINURIA

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7
Q

[Plasma Albumin usually <3 g/dL →Liver Synthesis unable to compensate for the large amount of protein excreted in the urine]

A

HYPOPROTEINEMIA

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8
Q

HYPERLIPIDEMIA [Increased Plasma Levels of:

A

▪ Triglycerides
▪ Cholesterol
▪ Phospholipids
▪ VLDL

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9
Q

One Cause: Post-Streptococcal Infection → Known as: Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis [Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococci – those with M PROTEIN in their cell wall induces this type of Nephritis

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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10
Q

Post-Streptococcal Infection → Known as:

A

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

BLOOD: Elevated ASO Titer

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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12
Q

Non-AGN: Non-Streptococcal Agent

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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13
Q

Bacteria: Pneumococci

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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14
Q

Viruses: Mumps, Hepa B

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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15
Q

Parasitic Infection: Malaria

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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16
Q

SCLEROSIS of the Glomeruli

A

FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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17
Q

FOCAL: Occurring in some Glomeruli

A

FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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18
Q

SEGMENTAL: Affecting a Specific Area of the Glomerulus

A

FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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19
Q

PREDOMINANT FEATURE: Proteinuria

A

FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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20
Q

Characteristics:
Cellular Proliferation of the MESANGIUM

A

MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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21
Q

Characteristics:
LEUKOCYTES INFILTRATION

A

MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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22
Q

Characteristics:
Thickening of the Glomerular Membrane

A

MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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23
Q

Characteristics of MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS:

A

▪ Cellular Proliferation of the MESANGIUM
▪ LEUKOCYTES INFILTRATION
▪ Thickening of the Glomerular Membrane

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24
Q

Most prevalent type of Glomerulonephritis worldwide

A

IgA NEPHROPATHY

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25
Q

Deposition of IgA in the Glomerular Mesangium

A

IgA NEPHROPATHY

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26
Q

Development: Slow and Silent

A

CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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27
Q

80%: Have previously some form of Glomerulonephritis

A

CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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28
Q

20%: Forms of Glomerulonephritis that has been unrecognized

A

CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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29
Q

Destruction of RENAL TUBULAR Epithelial Cells

A

ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS

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30
Q

What are the 2 Distinct type of Acute Tubular Necrosis?

A

ISCHEMIC and TOXIC

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31
Q

Follows a HYPOTENSIVE event that result in decrease perfusion of the kidneys followed by a renal tissue ischemia

A

Ischemic ATN

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32
Q

The 3 Principal Causes of ISCHEMIC ATN are?

A

▪ Sepsis
▪ Shock
▪ Trauma

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33
Q

Results from exposure to NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS

34
Q

Caused by Variety of agents separated into Categories: TOXIC ATN

A

ENDOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN and EXOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN

35
Q

Normal solutes or substances that become toxic when their concentration in the bloodstream is excessive

A

ENDOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN

36
Q

Hemoglobin→Hemoglobinuria→Severe Hemolytic Events

Myoglobin → Myoglobinuria → Rhabdomyosis

Uric Acid

Immunoglobulin Light Chain

A

ENDOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN

37
Q

Substances ingested or absorbed

A

EXOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN

38
Q

These are EXOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN substances that are absorb:

A

▪ Therapeutic agents
▪ Anesthetics
▪ Radiographic Contrast Media
▪ Chemotherapeutic Drugs
▪ Recreational Drugs
▪ Industrial Chemicals

39
Q

Impaired ability to reabsorb GLUCOSE

A

Renal Glucosuria

40
Q

Impaired ability to reabsorb specific AMINO ACIDS

A

Cystinuria [Cystine and Dibasic AA] and
Hartnup Disease [Monoamino- Monocarboxylic AA]

41
Q

Impaired ability to reabsorb SODIUM

A

Bartter’s Syndrome

42
Q

Impaired ability to reabsorb BICARBONATE

A

Renal Tubular Acidosis Type II

43
Q

Impaired ability to reabsorb CALCIUM

A

Idiopathic Hypercalciuria

44
Q

Excessive reabsorption of CALCIUM

A

Hypocalciuric Familial Hypercalcemia

45
Q

This proximal tubular dysfunction that has an excessive reabsorption of SODIUM

A

Gordon’s Syndrome

46
Q

Excessive reabsorption of PHOSPHATE

A

Pseudohypo Parathyroidism

47
Q

Generalized LOSS OF PROXIMAL TUBULAR FUNCTION
Not reabsorbed from the Ultrafiltrate and excreted in the Urine:
▪ Amino Acid
▪ Glucose
▪ Water
▪ Phosphorus
▪ Potassium
▪ Calcium

A

Fanconi Syndrome

48
Q

Impaired ability to reabsorb PHOSPHATE

A

Familial Hypophosphatemia [Vitamin D Resistant Rickets]

49
Q

This is both Proximal and Distal Tubular Dysfunction

A

Idiopathic Hypercalciuria

50
Q

Impaired ability to ACIDIFY URINE

A

Renal Tubular Acidosis, Types I and IV

51
Q

Impaired ability to retain SODIUM

A

Renal Salt-Losing Disorder

52
Q

Impaired ability to concentrate URINE

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes

53
Q

This distal tubular dysfunction that has excessive reabsorption of SODIUM

A

Liddle’s Syndrome

54
Q

Inability to reabsorb INORGANIC PHOSPHATES

A

Renal Phosphaturia

55
Q

These are the Proximal Tubular Dysfunctions

A

Renal Glucosuria
Cystinuria [Cystine and Dibasic AA]
Hartnup Disease [Monoamino- Monocarboxylic AA]
Bartter’s Syndrome
Renal Tubular Acidosis Type II
Idiopathic Hypercalciuria
Hypocalciuric Familial Hypercalcemia
Gordon’s Syndrome
Pseudohypo Parathyroidism
Fanconi Syndrome

56
Q

These are the Distal Dysfunctions

A

Familial Hypophosphatemia [Vitamin D Resistant Rickets]
Idiopathic Hypercalciuria
Renal Tubular Acidosis, Types I and IV
Renal Salt-Losing Disorder
Nephrogenic Diabetes
Liddle’s Syndrome
Renal Phosphaturia

57
Q

LOWER UTI
Urethra:______

A

Urethritis

58
Q

LOWER UTI
Bladder:______

59
Q

▪ Painful urination:______
▪ Burning Sensation
▪ Frequent urge to urinate

60
Q

Lower UTI:

A

Urethritis
Cystitis
Dysuria

61
Q

UPPER UTI
Renal Pelvis alone:______

62
Q

UPPER UTI
Renal Pelvis including Interstitium:______

A

Pyelonephritis

63
Q

What are the Bacterial infection that involves in ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS?

A

▪ Renal Tubules
▪ Interstitium
▪ Renal Pelvis

64
Q

MECHANISM:
1. Movement of bacteria from the lower urinary tract to the kidney
2. Localization of the bacteria from the bloodstream in the kidneys [Hematogenous infection]

A

ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS

65
Q

Develops when permanent inflammation of renal tissue causes permanent scarring that involves the:
▪ Renal Calyces
▪ Pelvis

A

CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS

66
Q

Allergic response to the interstitium of the kidney

A

ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS

67
Q

Most Common Cause: Acute Allograft Rejection of a Transplanted Kidney

A

ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS

68
Q

Normal flora of GIT and Vagina

A

Candida species [e.g. Candida albicans]

69
Q

Proliferation of yeasts due to:

A

▪ Changes in pH
▪ Adversely disrupted by antibiotics

70
Q

Clinically Sudden:
▪ Decrease of GFR
▪ Azotemia
▪ Oliguria [Urine Output of <400MI]

A

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

71
Q

Results from Decrease Renal Blood Flow [25% of cases]
Urine Sodium Concentration is Low = Incresed amount of Sodium being reabsorbed

72
Q

Approximately 65% of cases Renal Damage
Can result from:
▪ Glomerular
▪ Tubular
▪ Vascular Disease Process
Increased Urinary Excretion of Sodium

73
Q

Approximately 10% of cases
Obstruction in the urine flow

A

POST RENAL

74
Q

Calculi “Stones”

A

Renal Catalyces
Pelvis
Bladder
Ureter

75
Q

Calcium

76
Q

Calcium with Oxalate

77
Q

Calcium with Phosphate

78
Q

Calcium with others

79
Q

Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate

80
Q

Uric Acid

81
Q

Cystine

AUBF2 (11 decks)

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