Renal and Urology

Question 1

Which sequence of structures does urine pass through as it leaves the body?

Answer 1

Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 2

The functional unit of the human kidney is the:

Answer 2

Nephron

Question 3

One unique feature of the renal blood circulation is that:

Answer 3

There are 2 sets of capillaries

Question 4

Which has the opposite effect on urine production from the others?

A. Decreased solutes in the blood
B. Decreased BP
C. Increased ambient T
D. Dehydration
E. Reduced water consumption

Answer 4

Decreased solutes in blood

Question 5

The GFR is regulated by:

A. The ANS
B. The RAA System
C. Atrial NP

Answer 5

All of the above

Question 6

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they:

Answer 6

Branch from and drain into arterioles

Question 7

Which is not a function of the kidney?

A. Water volume control
B. BP control
C. Urine storage
D. Conversion of vitamin D to an active form

Answer 7

Urine storage

Question 8

K+ is secreted by the _____ and reabsorbed by the _____.

Answer 8

Distal CT; Proximal CT

Question 9

ADH causes water to:

A. Diffuse into the ascending limb of the vasa recta
B. Return to systemic circulation
C. Be reabsorbed at the proximal CT

Answer 9

A and B

Question 10

Water reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate initially enters the:

Answer 10

Vasa recta

Question 11

Plasma contains a much greater concentration of _____ than the glomerular filtrate.

Answer 11

Protein

Question 12

An increase in water permeability of the distal CT and collection duct is the result of:

Answer 12

An increase in production of ADH

Question 13

The descending loop of the nephron allows:

Answer 13

Water reabsorption

Question 14

Which most accurately describes the pressures affecting net glomerular filtration?

Answer 14

Blood hydrostatic pressure opposes capsular hydrostatic and blood oncotic pressures

Question 15

Tubular secretion of urea is accomplished ub the:

Answer 15

Distal CT

Question 16

Tubular reabsorption and secretion differ in that:

Answer 16

Secretion adds material to the filtrate; reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate

Question 17

The kidneys:

Answer 17

Eliminate H+; Eliminate NH4+; Conserve HCO3-

Question 18

Which should not appear in the glomerular filtrate just after filtration has been accomplished?

A. Protein
B. Urea
C. Glucose

Answer 18

Protein

Question 19

The loop of Henle is to vasa recta as convoluted tubules are to:

Answer 19

Peritubular capillaries

Question 20

A waste product of protein metabolism is:

Answer 20

Urea

Question 21

Atrial natriuretic factor:

Answer 21

Increases urine output

Question 22

Upper urinary tract obstruction:

A. Can cause hydroureter
B. Predisposes an individual to hypotension
C. Increases the force of detrusor contraction
D. Increases postvoid residual volume

Answer 22

All of the above

Question 23

Renal function tests include:

A. Urinalysis
B. BUN and serum creatinine
C. SGOT/SGPT

Answer 23

A and B

Question 24

Which substance is an abnormal constituent of urine?

A. Urea
B. Glucose
C. NaCl
D. Creatinine

Answer 24

Glucose

Question 25

The presence of albumin in the urine would indicate probable damage to:

Answer 25

Glomeruli

Question 26

Renal calculi may be composed of: A. Calcium oxalate B. Uric acid C. Cholesterol

Answer 26

A and B

Question 27

Which can be characteristic of ureteral stones? A. Severe pain in the back B. Severe pain in the ABD C. Nausea and vomiting

Answer 27

All of the above

Question 28

Which are predisposing factors for acute UTIs? ``` A. Congenital defects B. Sex of the patient C. Decreased urine flow D. Increased urine flow E. Increased fluid intake ```

Answer 28

A, B, and C

Question 29

A common cause of both pylonephriotis and cystitis is:

Answer 29

Invading, ascending microbes, such as E. coli

Question 30

Pyelonephritis is: A. An inflammation and infection of urinary bladder B. Characterized by fever, chills, and flank pain C. Characterized by pyuria, bacteriuria, and hematuria D. More common in young women than in young men

Answer 30

B, C, and D

Question 31

Which renal condition usually has a history of recent infection with beta-hemolytic streptococci? A. Pyelonephritis B. Chronic renal failure C. Glomerulonephritis D. Calculi

Answer 31

Glomerulonephritis

Question 32

Which statement is not true concerning glomerulonephritis? A. Significant damage to the kidneys occurs during the body's response to an infection B. Fever and flank pain occur C. Complement activation attracts neutrophils D. It is characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, and the presence of casts E. Approximately 90% of individuals experience chronic disease

Answer 32

Approximately 90% of individuals experience chronic disease

Question 33

Nephrotic syndrome is associated with _____ to plasma _____.

Answer 33

Increased glomerular permeability; proteins