Renal and Urology

Question 1

You are reviewing the medication list of a patient who has been admitted diarrhoea and vomiting. Bloods show acute kidney injury with a creatinine of 190 micromol/L. Which medication should be stopped in AKI as it may worsen renal function?

Digoxin
Aspirin (at a dose of 75mg OD)
Lithium
Warfarin
Diuretic

Answer 1

Diuretic

Diuretics should be stopped in AKI as they may worsen renal function.

Question 2

Which cells secrete PSA?

Answer 2

Prostate epithelial cells secrete PSA into prostatic fluid.

Question 3

What is the purpose of PSA?

Answer 3

To liquefy semen and thus allow spermatozoa to move more freely.

Question 4

A 55-year-old female presents to the emergency department with complaints of painful urination and a constant urge to urinate, but only small amounts of urine are passed each time. She also mentions lower abdominal discomfort. Her medical history includes recent chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Physical examination reveals suprapubic tenderness. Urinalysis shows significant haematuria, and urine culture is negative for infection.

Based on the clinical presentation and history, what is the most likely diagnosis, and what would be the next appropriate step in the management of this patient?

Answer 4

Haemorrhagic cystitis; initiate bladder irrigation and consult urology.