Renal and Respiratory Cells

Question 1

Mesangial cells

Answer 1

-regulate blood flow within the capillaries
-filtration of blood by the glomerulus
-gives glomerulus structure
-secrete cytokines and growth factors

Question 2

Juxtaglomerular cells (granular cell)

Answer 2

-secrete renin (enzyme) into the bloodstream, afferent arteriole
-regulate blood pressure
-fluid balance

Question 3

Macula densa

Answer 3

-regulate rate of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate
-sense high blood Na+ and Cl-
-signals release of renin
-distal convoluted tubule

Question 4

Sympathetic nerve fiber

Answer 4

-regulate blood pressure and fluid balance
-influence juxtaglomerular apparatus
-causes vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole
-higher blood pressure and filtration
-stimulate release of renin

Question 5

Mucociliary cell

Answer 5

-type of epithelial cell, Cilia
-produces mucus that humidify and moistens the air
-filters the air and protects against infection
-keep airway clear

Question 6

Inflammatory cells

Answer 6

-detect and respond to harmful agents
-initiating an immune response
-clearing dead cells and debris
-promoting tissue repair
-eliminate harmful agents
-tissue regulation

Question 7

Alveolar macrophages

Answer 7

-type of immune cell
-in alveoli
-defense against pathogens
-remove debris
-regulate inflammation
-modulation of the immune response
-maintain tissue homeostasis (remove apoptotic), protection

Question 8

What is the respiratory tract lined with that “beat” the mucus towards the esophagus?

Answer 8

-Cilia

Question 9

What is ACE?

Answer 9

-angiotensin-converting enzyme
-regulate blood pressure and fluid balance
-food in epithelium and capillary endothelium
-vasoconstriction

Question 10

Erthrocyte

Answer 10

-oxygen delivery and CO2 removal
-without it oxygen wouldn’t be transported from the lungs to tissues

Question 11

Alveolar type II cells

Answer 11

-septal cells
-produce and secrete surfactant SOAP
-reduces surface tension within alveoli
-prevents alveoli from collapsing during exhalation
-stem cell function, immune function
-oxidative stress response and endocrine function

Question 12

What does surfactant do?

Answer 12

-Soap, reduces surface tension of water
-reduces surface tension within alveoli

Question 13

Alveolar type I cell

Answer 13

-Squamous alveolar cells
-thin=gas exchange
-close to capillary, take gas from environment and exchange with blood
-secrete proteins that maintain structure of lungs
-essential for proper functioning of respiratory system

Question 14

Elastic Recoil

Answer 14

-Vacuum in pleural space holds lung to the wall of the thoracic cavity

Question 15

Inspiration: external intercostals contaction

Answer 15

-elevation of ribs + sternum
-increased anterior to posterior dimension of thoracic cavity
-lowers air pressure in lungs
-air rushes in down its concentration gradient

Question 16

Inspiration: diaphragm contraction

Answer 16

-moves downward
-increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity
-lowers air pressure in lungs
-air rushes in down its concentration gradient

Question 17

Expiration

Answer 17

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm
-passive process
-diaphragm, ribs + sternum return to resting position
-thoracic cavity returns to preinspiratory volume
-air pressure in lungs increases
-air is exhaled down its concentration gradient