Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Week 109 - Renal Colic and Haematuria > Renal and Bladder Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Renal and Bladder Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The tendency for an organism (cell) to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilise health and functioning regardless of outside conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the classical symptoms of sodium overload?

A

High BP

Raised JVP

Oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How should sodium overload as a result of chronic renal failure be treated?

A

Reduce intake

Treat with haemodialysis (3 x 5hrs weekly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What proportion of cardiac output flow to the kidneys?

A

~ 25% (1.5 L/min)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the formula for creatinine clearance?

A

Creatinine clearance = UV / P

where:

  • U = urine concentration of creatinine
  • V = volume of urine
  • P = plasma concentration of creatine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the variables used to calculate eGFR?

A

Serum creatinine

Age

Sex

Ethnicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is eGFR unlikely to be of value?

A

When blood flow is low

  • tends to be overestimated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the mechanisms control fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

ADH

Aldosterone

Macula densa

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the dangers of hyperkalaemia?

A

Potentially dangerous heart arrythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the short term treatment for hyperkalaemia?

A

Salbutamol

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the long term treatment for hyperkalaemia?

A

Haemodialysis

Haemofiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the dangers of hypernatraemia / Na+ retention?

A

Dehydration leading to life threatening illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How should hypernatraemia be managed?

A

Normally down to dehydration =>

Correct water/fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the dangers of metabolic acidosis?

A

Cardiac arrythmias

If unmanaged => inability to form bicarbonate resulting in death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of disturbances may result from renal failure?

A

Hyperkalaemia

Hypernatraemia

Metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How should metabolic acidosis be managed?

A

Dialysis

Bicarbonate infusion

17
Q

Which other conditions can metabolic acidosis result from?

A

Lactic acidosis

Ketoacidosis

Intoxication

18
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

A condition when the body produces too much acid, or the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body

19
Q

What are the causes for Na+/H2O overload leading to hypertension?

A

Glomerular disease

Decreased GFR

Establised renal failure

20
Q

How should hypertension caused by Na+/H2O overload be treated?

A

Restriction of Na+/H2O

Diuretics

Dialysis

21
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of renin-mediated hypertension?

A

Hypertension

High renin

Not overloaded

22
Q

What is the cause of renin-mediated hypertension?

A

Interstitial disease

Ischaemic renal disase

23
Q

How should renin-mediated hypertension be treated?

A

ACE inhibitors

Other antihypertensives

24
Q

How should anaemia in renal disease be treated?

A

Administration of:

  • Erythropoetin
  • Parenteral iron
25
Q

Describe the EPO cycle

A

Low O2 tension at proximal tubule –>

EPO produced –>

Stimulates stem cells in bone marrow –>

Stem cells become RBC –> increased O2

Negative feedback on EPO

26
Q

Which hormones does the kidney produce?

A

EPO

Renin

Calcitriol (active form of Vit D)

27
Q

Which enzyme in the kidney makes the active form of vitamin D i.e. calcitriol?

A

1-alpha hydroxylase

28
Q

Describe calcium-phosphate metabolism in renal disease

A

Reduced phosphate clearance

Reduced vitamin D metabolism => hyperparathyroidism => changed in bone turnover => metastatic calcification

29
Q

Name the parts that form the urinary bladder

A

Detrusor

Bladder body

Bladder base

Uretero-vesical junction

Trigone

Urethra

Note outer layers: Smooth muscle, lamina propria, urothelium

30
Q

What is the motor nerve supply to the bladder?

A

Sympathetic: arise from hypogastric plexuses and nerves

Parasympathetic: from the pelvic splanchnic nerves and the inferior hypogastric plexus

31
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply from the bladder?

A

General visceral afferent fibres

  • Superior surface: follow symp. efferent nerves
  • Inferior surface: follow the parasymp. efferent nerves
32
Q

How does impaired bladder function affect renal function?

A

Reflux nephropathy => obstruction

Week 109 - Renal Colic and Haematuria (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions