Renal Anatomy/Physiology

Question 1

four main components of urinary system

Answer 1

kidney
ureters
bladder
urethra

Question 2

function of the kidneys

Answer 2

produce urine
metabolic balance
produce hormones

Question 3

what hormones are the kidneys responsible for?

Answer 3

erythropoietin- RBC production
Calcitriol- supply Ca to Bones
Renin- control BP

Question 4

where are kidneys located

Answer 4

retroperitoneally

T11-L3

Question 5

what are the internal layers of the kidney?

Answer 5

Cortex
Medulla
Minor calyces
Major calyces
renal pelvis

Question 6

where is cortisol made

Answer 6

cortex of adrenal gland

zona fasciculata

Question 7

where are sex hormones created

Answer 7

zona reticularis

Question 8

what is the main functional until of the kidney

Answer 8

nephron

Question 9

what layers are the nephron found

Answer 9

cortex and medulla

Question 10

how many nephrons per kidney

Answer 10

1 million

Question 11

what process for urine formation

Answer 11

blood filtration, reabsorption, secretion in nephron

Question 12

what makes up a nephron

Answer 12

glomerulus-blood filtration
proximal convoluted tubule- reabsorption
loop of Henle- reabsorption
distal convoluted tubule- reabsorption

Question 13

where do nephrons drain

Answer 13

collecting ducts

Question 14

what are the two nephron types

Answer 14

cortical- SHORT loop

juxtamedullary- deep into medulla- LONG loop of Henle

Question 15

blood passes through the kidney at a rate of

Answer 15

~1200 ml/min or 600 ml/min/kidney

Question 16

layers of the glomerulus

Answer 16

squamous epithelium (parietal epithelia)
basal lamina
visceral layer= podocytes=visceral epithelial

Question 17

three major components of glomerular capillary wall

Answer 17

endothelial cell with fenestra
glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
visceral epithelial cells (podocytes)

Question 18

ultrafiltrate is made up of

Answer 18

water
electrolytes
glucose
aminoacids
urea
uric acid
creatineine 
ammonia

Question 19

GFR is

Answer 19

proportional to body size and varies with age and gender

Question 20

what is the key indicator of kidney function

Answer 20

GFR

Question 21

what is normal GFR range

Answer 21

90-120 ml/min

Question 22

why is GFR lower in older adults

Answer 22

fewer nephrons

Question 23

what does GFR check

Answer 23

how well the kidneys are working by estimating how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute

Question 24

what does the GFR test measure

Answer 24

how well kidneys are filtering creatinine

Question 25

why does GFR test measure creatinine

Answer 25

waste product of broken down creatine phosphate in muscles

Question 26

what two samples are required for a GFR creatinine

Answer 26

24 hr urine sample and blood sample

Question 27

what are the steps in tubular function

Answer 27

filtration from blood into nephron reabsorption from filtrate into blood tubular secretion from blood into filtrate reabsorb h2o under effects of ADH

Question 28

what is a threshold substance

Answer 28

``` almost completely reabsorbed by the renal tubules except when normal plasma level is exceeded AA ascorbic acid creatine K NaCl ```

Question 29

what kind of threshold substance is glucose

Answer 29

high threshold

Question 30

what is the threshold for glucose

Answer 30

160-180mg/dl

Question 31

what is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules

Answer 31

``` K, NaCl (65%) H2O (65%) AA (100%) Glucose (100%) HCO3- (90%) acidosis no reabsorption of creatine ```

Question 32

what is secreted in the proximal tubules

Answer 32

``` uric acid organic acids (antibiotics) ```

Question 33

reabsorption in loop of Henle

Answer 33

h2o NaCl (25%) Ca, Mg

Question 34

secretion in loop of Henle

Answer 34

nothing is secreted here

Question 35

permeable to water | reabsorption of solutes does NOT occur in this part of the Loop

Answer 35

descending limb of loop of Henle

Question 36

NEARLY impermeable to water | active reabsorption of solute without water

Answer 36

ascending limb of loop

Question 37

fluid leaving the loop has _______ osmolality than plasma why

Answer 37

lower; because of lost NaCl

Question 38

distal tubules reabsorption

Answer 38

NaCl 5% | H2O

Question 39

distal tubules secretion

Answer 39

K | H

Question 40

collecting ducts reabsorption

Answer 40

urea NaCl (5%) H2O

Question 41

collecting ducts excretion

Answer 41

``` H2O NaCl K HCO creatinine ```

Question 42

carbonic acid breaks down to________ and _________ in the presence of _____________

Answer 42

water and CO2 in the presence of carbonic anhydrase.

Question 43

what is not reabsorbed at all

Answer 43

creatinine

Question 44

tubular secretion accounts for

Answer 44

removal of waste substances that are not filtered by the glomerulus (toxins and medications-penicillin) secretion/removal of hydrogen ions and other ions to help regulate acid-base and electrolyte balance

Question 45

blood pH is maintained by

Answer 45

bicarbinate